Introduction 1-3

Question 1

Continental Rock average denisity

Answer 1

2.7 tonnes/m3

Question 2

Earth Density

Answer 2

5.52 tonnes/m3

Question 3

Iron density

Answer 3

13 tonnes/m3

Question 4

Depth of Core

Answer 4

2890km

Question 5

Types of body waves (2)

Answer 5

P - Primary/Compressional

S- Secondary/Shearing

Question 6

What Type of earthquake wave cannot pass through liquids?

Answer 6

S-Waves

Question 7

Composition and State of Outer Core

Answer 7

90% Iron-Nickel
10% Light material
Liquid

Question 8

Name of Boundary between Crust and mantle

Answer 8

Mohorovicic Discontinuity

Question 9

Depth of Mantle

Answer 9

25-90km below Continental

6-11km below Oceanic

Question 10

How do plates move if the mantle is solid

Answer 10

Solid state convection

Question 11

What is Isostasy?

Answer 11

Crust floating in equilibrium above the mantle

state of gravitational equilibrium between Earth’s crust and mantle such that the crust “floats” at an elevation that depends on its thickness and density. This concept is invoked to explain how different topographic heights can exist at Earth’s surface

Question 12

Describe crust compositions (Rock-type, Density, Material)

Answer 12

Continental: Granitic, 2.7g/cm3, Silica-rich
Oceanic: Basaltic, 3g/cm3, less but still Silica-rich with more iron, magnesium and calcium

Question 13

Mantle composition

Answer 13

Peridotite, 3.3g/cm3, High in Magnesium and Silica

Question 14

Depth of inner core

Answer 14

5155 km

Question 15

What is the Asthenosphere

Answer 15

• Region of the upper mantle
• Below the lithosphere, 80 and 200 km depth
• Slowly solid-state connects
• Mechanically weak and ductile

Question 16

What is the lithosphere

Answer 16

• Rocky outer part of the Earth
• Made up of the brittle crust and the top part of the upper mantle
• Coolest and most rigid part of the Earth

Question 17

3Cs and 3 Ps of planetary formation

Answer 17

Coalescence - Coming together into a dark then solar nebula
Condensation - Into solid grains
Coagulation - of Atoms into larger particles
Planetesimals - 100,000 years later into 10km blocks
Planetary Embryos - 50,000 years later into 1000km blocks
Planets

Question 18

What is the earthquake cause called?

Answer 18

Stick slip

Question 19

Types of surface waves

Answer 19

Rayleigh Waves - rolling

Love Waves - side to side

Question 20

Earthquake scale 2 types and examples

Answer 20

Magnitude - Richter

Intensity - Mercalli

Question 21

Ophiolites are?

Answer 21

• Pieces of oceanic crust
• Escaped subduction
• Preserved on land

Question 22

What is Decompression melting?

Answer 22

• Melting while rock stays at the same temperature
• Pressure Reduced causes melting
• Due to rock being moved toward the surface

Question 23

What is Partial melting?

Answer 23

• Melting where only part of the rock is melted
• As the rock has minerals with different melting points these melt preferentially
• This makes the melt have a different composition to the solid

Question 24

What is Mafic rock?

Answer 24

• Rock rich in magnesium and iron (typically igneous)
• Dark in colour
• Common rock-forming mafic minerals include olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite
• Common mafic rocks include basalt, diabase and gabbro.

Question 25

What is orogeny?

Answer 25

- Mountain forming event on continents | - Plate margin is crumpled and uplifted against another continental plate

Question 26

4 types of plate margins

Answer 26

Convergent/Subduction/Destructive Divergent/Constructive Transform/Conservative Collision

Question 27

6 Paleozoic Periods from oldest to newest

Answer 27

``` Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian ``` Campers Order Silver Devils to Carry Persons

Question 28

5 lines of evidence for Continental drift

Answer 28

1) Matching Geology and Orogenic Events on both sides of the Atlantic 2) Matching fossils across the Atlantic e.g. Fresh Water Mosasaurus' in both Africa and South America indicating a freshwater sea/lake on them both 3) Carboniferous coal deposits linked across the Atlantic 4) Glacial evidence in Oman and Peru from an Antarctic source 5) Paleomagnetic Data e.g. Paleolatitudes

Question 29

Evidence for Plate Tectonics (3)

Answer 29

1) Global Distribution of volcanoes and Earthquakes 2) Wadati-Benioff zones - Subduction processes of a plate passing under; Earthquakes caused by cold material at 200km deep 3) Magnetic reversals recorded in the oceanic crust: Radiometrically dated seafloor had crystallised according to the magnetic field when the crust cooled past it's Curie Point.

Question 30

Phanerozoic eon

Answer 30

Visible life; Our eon we are in now

Question 31

Precambrian

Answer 31

SuperEon Before the Cambrian period; the earliest Eon in Earth's history

Question 32

3 Eons of the Precambrian

Answer 32

Proterozoic - Early life; started with free oxygen formation (Great Oxygenation Event); development of eukaryotes; CO2 removed by plate tectonics recycling carbon-rich sediments into the mantle and the growth of oceans for CO2 to be dissolved in seawater Archean - Start of plate tectonics and first life and fossils in the form of stromatolites; microbial mats of cyanobacteria; Hadean - First eon, fiery hell, oldest remaining rocks