Introduction Flashcards by Kimerie Aquino

knowledge of drugs and pharmaceuticals

Pharmacognosy

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pharmakon

(drugs)

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gnosis

(knowledge)

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made clay models of man

Babylonians

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very apt in the practice of embalming

Egyptians

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De materia medica libre cinque (five volumes), 600 plants

Pedanios Dioscorides

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described the method of preparing formulas containing plant and animal drugs and the term
”Galenical pharmacy” originated Cold cream Galen’s cerate

( Galen) Rome

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coined the term pharmacognosy in his dissertation in 1815 (title: Anaclectica pharmacognosthica)

C.A. Seydler

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most comprehensive definition of pharmacognosy : “simultaneous application of various scientific
disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view”

Fluckiger

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Lerbuch der Materia medica

J.A. Schmidt

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“an applied science that deals with the biologic , biochemical and economic features of natural drugs and
their constituents that originate in the plant and animal kingdom”

Pharmacognosy

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The undissolved portion of the drug

marc

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Product of extraction process:

Percolate/Extractive

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Removes substances that can be dissolved by the:

solvent/menstruum

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undergone only collection and drying

Crude Drugs

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have not had changes made in their molecular structure as found in nature

Natural Substances

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chief constituents obtained by extraction

Derivatives

Extractives

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region in which the plant or animal yielding the drug grows

Geographic source & Habitat

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growing in their native countries

Indigenous

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growing in foreign land

Naturalized

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(small collection time part of the plant that constitutes the drug is highest in its content of AI

Collection

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(large scale)
 Mechanical devices : pickers, mowers, binders, swath, steel
 Manual for potent constituents

Harvesting

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(Air Drying and Artificial Air
remove moisture, fixes the constituents, prevent molding, facilitate grinding and milling,
prevent action of bacteria, prevent environmental hydrolysis

Drying

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final stage ; removal of extraneous matter other parts of the plant, dirt, added adulterants

Garbling

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To avoid insect attacks:

a. SIMPLEST METHOD: Expose the drug to 65 C b. Fumigation with methyl bromide c. Add a drop of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride

Fats

Hexane

Resins

Alcohol

Chlorophyll

Acetone

Chrysarobin

Hot benzene

Pectin

citrus fruits

Unripe fruits

protopectin

Just ripe

pectin

Overripe

pectic acid

Marijuana

Young leaves - cannabidiol Mature leaves - cannabinol (THC)

Aloe

Emollient, tx for burns

Belladonna | beautiful lady

Atropine | mydriatic SE: cycloplegia

Tamoxifen

For breast CA ( SE: endometrial CA)

Colchicum

Acute gout

Allopurinol

Chronic gout Xanthine Oxidase inhibitor

Ergot | ((“fingers” Claviceps purpurea

Ergotamine migraine ), Ergonovine oxytocic ), LSD hallucinogen

Opium

stone of immortality

Premarin

Estrogen derivative from MARE

Digoxin

(Digitalis lanata)

Digitoxin (Digitalis purpurea)

Lipid soluble, Long half life

Shabu

Ice , Meth

Ecstacy

Sky

Marijuana

Hashish , MJ/Maryjane , Pot , Grass , Weed , Cannabis , Indian hemp

(intrinsic property)

quality

(absence of adulterants) of drugs

purity

by means of the organs of sense; macroscopic appearance

Organoleptic

essential in the study of adulterant in powdered plants (identity and purity)

Microscopic

pharmacologic activity of certain drugs has been applied to their evaluation or standardization

Biologic

assay of AC using chemicals (titration); best method of determining official potency

Chemical

physical constant s (solubility, spec grav, optical rotation , congealing point, refractive index, MP)

Physical

Digoxin

pigeon

Atropine

cats

Glucagon

cats

Oxytocin

chicken (F)

Head drop test

rabbits/rats

PTH

dogs

Heparin

sheep plasma

Insulin

rabbit

forms

Morphology

phylogeny (natural relationship or among plants and animals

Taxonomy

based on effect on the body

Pharmacologic or Therapeutic

based on active constituents; Preferred Method of Classification

Chemical classification

cause chemical changes in the preparation

Pharmaceutically active

responsible for t he therapeutic activity

Pharmacologically active

no definite pharmacologic activity

Inert constituents

extracted, crystallized and purified; presence of inert matter which may modify or prevent absorbability or potency of AC

Secondary plant substance

study of the biochemical pathways leading to formation of secondary constituents (drugs)

Drug biosynthesis/Biogenesis

3 Principal factors that influenced the secondary constituents of drug plants:

1. heredity (genetic composition) 2. ontogeny (stage of development) 3. environment (soil, climate, associated flora and method of cultivation)

Introduction Flashcards

(72 cards)