Introduction

Question 1

Summary offence

Answer 1

a less serious offence, such as
theft under $5000, impersonating a police officer, or
taking a motor vehicle without consent.

Question 2

Indictable offence:

Answer 2

a serious offence such as
assault, theft over $5000, robbery (with or without a
firearm), or murder.

Question 3

Conventional crime

Answer 3

illegal activity committed
by individuals or small groups, involving some
degree of direct or indirect contact.

Question 4

Non-conventional crime

Answer 4

illegal activity that
may not be associated with crime and that may
not be pursued by the criminal justice system.
o E.g. organized crime, political crime, cybercrime

Question 5

Deviance

Answer 5

a wide range of behaviours that
violate a social norm but are not necessarily
prohibited by law

Question 6

Decriminalization

Answer 6

the reduction or removal of
criminal penalties attached to an act without
legalizing it.

Question 7

Crime is relative

Answer 7

what is defined as crime can

vary with time and location.

Question 8

Crime is evolutive

Answer 8

the characteristics of a crime

can change, taking different forms over time

Question 9

Consensus crimes: .

Answer 9

activities that are generally
considered very harmful for which there is strong
support for sanctioning and controlling them

Question 10

Conflict crimes

Answer 10

Activities that are not
universally considered crimes, although they are
legally defined as such.

Question 11

Criminology

Answer 11

is an interdisciplinary science that
studies criminal behaviour, crime causation, crime
prevention, and the punishment and rehabilitation
of offenders.

Question 12

criminologist

Answer 12

is a behavioural scientist who
specializes in the identification, classification, and
description of criminal behaviour.

Question 13

interdisciplinary approach

Answer 13

in criminology, an interdisciplinary approach is
taken—the integration of knowledge from a variety
of disciplines to formulate theories of criminal
behaviour. - bio, psycho, sociological etc

Question 14

The Canadian CJS consists of three institutions:

Answer 14

1. The police
2. The courts
3. The correctional /prison system
   by the authority of the federal and provincial/territorial
   governments

Question 15

Main functions of the police

Answer 15

to investigate criminal offences as defined in the
Canadian Criminal Code (CCC)
to lay charges as defined under the CCC

Question 16

Main functions of the court

Answer 16

to prosecute the accused in court (prosecution/“the
Crown”);
to determine guilt or innocence (judge/jury);
to sentence those found guilty (judge);

Question 17

Main function of the correctional system

Answer 17

to administer the sentence (corrections).

Question 18

The Origins of Criminology was in the

Answer 18

Enlightenment period of the 18th century

Question 19

Classical school of thought held that

Answer 19

criminals act out

of free will.

Question 20

Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham (classical school) argued for

Answer 20

penal reform on humanitarian and philosophical principles.

Question 21

19th century - Paul Topinard and Raffaele Garofalo studied

Answer 21

punishment and the treatment of criminals.

Question 22

in the Late 19th century The term criminology

Answer 22

entered the scientific discourse.

Question 23

Early 20th century

Answer 23

Maurice Parmelee published the first criminology
textbook.
o Edwin H. Sutherland published Principles of
Criminology, which reinforced the influence of
sociologically oriented positivism on criminology.

Question 24

Denis Szabo

Answer 24

Referred to as the “founding father of Canadian
Criminology.”
Launched the criminology program at the Université de
Montréal in 1960.
“Criminology is inseparable from criminal policy”

Question 25

John Edwards

Answer 25

o Established the Centre for Criminology at the

University of Toronto in 1960.

Question 26

Ezzat Fattah

Answer 26

Established Simon Fraser University’s criminology
program in 1975.
contributions to victimology, champion of human rights, repeal death penalty

Question 27

Sub-Areas of Criminology (6)

Answer 27

1. Criminal statistics
2. Sociology of law
3. Theory construction: Etiology
4. Types of criminal behaviour
5. Law enforcement, judiciary, and corrections
6. Victimology

Question 28

Criminal Statistics are used to

Answer 28

understand and predict criminal behaviour and to assess the impact of crime prevention

Question 29

The sociology of law is concerned with

Answer 29

the origins of law and legal thought.
examination of economic, political, and social forces and their influences on the formalization of social control and social order.
exploring the central themes of social order,
social conflict, and power relations as they pertain to law.

Question 30

Theory Construction: Etiology is concerned with

Answer 30

the causes of crime, its rates and
trends, and predicting behaviour
criminological theories and theoretical orientations.

Question 31

4. Types of Criminal Behaviour - typologies

Answer 31

way of trying to understand and organize criminal behaviour.
research > different types of crime have different
explanations.
explain how and why different types of criminals commit different types of crimes.

Question 32

Criminal justice system

Answer 32

How the 3 elements fulfill their tasks—detecting
crime, dealing with criminals, and protecting
society—has been the subject of much research.

Question 33

Victimology

Answer 33

The study of the relationships between criminals

and their victims. + interaction with justice system (+ which can also make innocents victim of wrong convictions)

Question 34

Biological perspective on crime

Answer 34

possibility that human traits are biological, or “hard-wired,” or that certain crimes are a function of chemical, genetic, and/or neurological aberrations.

Question 35

Economic perspective

Answer 35

links between unemployment,

economic recession, capitalism, and crime. competition and rates across classes.

Question 36

Geography and environment perspective

Answer 36

Criminologists seeking to predict crime have
developed sophisticated models and theories
based on a wide range of environmental factors,

Question 37

Political science perspective

Answer 37

Political decisions regarding criminal justice have a direct impact on the community at large.

Question 38

Psychology perspective

Answer 38

study of differences in personality and mental
characteristics between criminals and others.
criminal behaviour is creation and maintaining

Question 39

Sociology perspective

Answer 39

sociologists are interested in culture

and social structure. Crime is a social phenomenon.

Question 40

The roots of criminology lie in two schools: / today

Answer 40

classical and positivist.
Criminologists recognize that criminal behaviour is the
product of both free will and deterministic forces.

Question 41

Practical role of criminologist

Answer 41

formulate workable solutions to existing problems
Government guidance
Ethical responsibility.

Question 42

Criminalistics

Answer 42

The science of crime detection and investigation

Alphonse Bertillon - First to apply this technique

Question 43

Tadeusz Grygier

Answer 43

the champion of the Social Protection Code,
which called for a fair and flexible justice system
that promoted principles of rehabilitation and
embraced a humanitarian approach.

Question 44

Paul and Patricia Brantingham

Answer 44

Developed the field of environmental criminology.

Question 45

Consensus perspective

Answer 45

A criminological perspective that sees laws as representing the interests of society.

Question 46

Conflict perspective

Answer 46

A criminological approach that sees laws as representing the interests of specific groups in society.