Introduction

Question 1

The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span. Most development involves growth, although it also includes decline brought on by aging and dying.

Answer 1

Development

Question 2

The perspective that development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual; involves growth, maintenance, and regulation; and is constructed through biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together.

Answer 2

Life-span perspective

Question 3

Influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group

Answer 3

Normative age-graded influences

Question 4

Influences that are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances

Answer 4

Normative history-graded influences

Question 5

Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual’s life

Answer 5

Nonnormative life events

Question 6

The behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation

Answer 6

Culture

Question 7

Comparison of one culture with one or more other cultures. These provide information about the degree tow which development is similar, or universal, across cultures, and the degree to which it is culture specific

Answer 7

Cross-cultural studies

Question 8

A characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language

Answer 8

Ethnicity

Question 9

Refers to the grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economical characteristcis

Answer 9

Socioeconomic status

Question 10

The characteristics of people as male or females

Answer 10

Gender

Question 11

A national government’s course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

Answer 11

Social policy

Question 12

Changes in an individual’s physical nature

Answer 12

Biological processes

Question 13

Changes in an individual’s thought, intelligence, and language

Answer 13

Cognitive processes

Question 14

Changes in an individual’s interpersonal relationships, emotions, and personality

Answer 14

Socioemotional processes

Question 15

Period of development: Prenatal

Answer 15

Conception to birth

Question 16

Period of development: Infancy

Answer 16

Birth to 2 years

Question 17

Period of development: Early childhood

Answer 17

3 to 5 years

Question 18

Period of development: Middle and late childhood

Answer 18

6 to 11 years

Question 19

Period of development: Adolescence

Answer 19

10 to 21 years

Question 20

Period of development: Early adulthood

Answer 20

20s and 30s

Question 21

Period of development: Middle adulthood

Answer 21

40s and 50s

Question 22

Period of development: Late adulthood

Answer 22

60s to death

Question 23

Development of an organism due to biological inheritance

Answer 23

Nature

Question 24

Development of an organism due to its environmental experiences

Answer 24

Nurture

Question 25

Debate about whether we become older renditions of our early experience or whether we develop into someone different from who we were at an earlier point in development

Answer 25

Stability-change issue

Question 26

Debate about the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages

Answer 26

Continuity-discontinuity issue

Question 27

Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy

Answer 27

Hypotheses

Question 28

Theories that describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Behavior is merely a surface characteristic, and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior. Early experiences with parents are emphasized.

Answer 28

Psychoanalytic theories

Question 29

Freud's theory: First stage

Answer 29

Oral stage; infant's pleasure centers on the mouth; from birth to 1 1/2 years

Question 30

Freud's theory: Second stage

Answer 30

Anal stage; child's pleasure focuses on the anus; from 1 1/2 to 3 years

Question 31

Freud's theory: Third stage

Answer 31

Phallic stage; child's pleasure focuses on the genitals; from 3 to 6 years

Question 32

Freud's theory: Fourth stage

Answer 32

Latency stage; child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills; from 6 years to puberty

Question 33

Freud's theory: Fifth stage

Answer 33

Genital stage; a time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family; puberty onward

Question 34

Theory of eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.

Answer 34

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial theory

Question 35

Erikson's theory: Infancy stage

Answer 35

Trust vs. mistrust; first year; Autonomy vs. shame and doubt; 1 to 3 years

Question 36

Erikson's theory: Early childhood

Answer 36

Initiative vs. guilt; preschool years, 3 to 5 years

Question 37

Erikson's theory: Middle and late childhood

Answer 37

Industry vs. inferiority, elementary school years, 6 years to puberty

Question 38

Erikson's theory: Adolescence

Answer 38

Identity vs. identity confusion; 10 to 20 years

Question 39

Erikson's theory: Early adulthood

Answer 39

Intimacy vs. isolation; 20s, 30s

Question 40

Erikson's theory: Middle adulthood

Answer 40

Generativity vs. stagnation; 40s, 50s

Question 41

Erikson's theory: Late adulthood

Answer 41

Integrity vs. despair; 60s onwards

Question 42

Theory stating that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development.

Answer 42

Piaget's Cognitive Theory of Development

Question 43

Piaget's theory: First stage

Answer 43

Sensorimotor stage; from birth to 2 years

Question 44

Piaget's theory: Second stage

Answer 44

Preoperational stage; from 2 to 7 years

Question 45

Piaget's theory: Third stage

Answer 45

Concrete operational stage; from 7 to 11 years

Question 46

Piaget's theory: Fourth stage

Answer 46

Formal operational stage; from 11 to 15 years

Question 47

A theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development

Answer 47

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory

Question 48

Theory that emphasizes that individual manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this theory are the processes of memory and thinking.

Answer 48

Information-processing theory

Question 49

Theory that a behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus is more likely to recur, whereas a behavior followed by a punishing stimulus is less likely to recur.

Answer 49

B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning

Question 50

The view of psychologists who emphasize behavior, environment, and cognitions as key factors in development

Answer 50

Bandura's Social Cognitive theory

Question 51

Study that stresses behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

Answer 51

Ethology

Question 52

Theory that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem

Answer 52

Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory