INTRODUCTION

Question 1

The science (logos) of small (micro) life
(bios)

Answer 1

MICROBIOLOGY

Question 2

A specialized area of microbiology that
deals with living things too small to be
seen without magnification or naked eye.

Answer 2

MICROBIOLOGY

Question 3

This includes bacteria, archaea, protozoa,
fungi, helminths, viruses, and algae.
(microorganisms)

Answer 3

MICROBIOLOGY

Question 4

cell wall with peptidoglycan. Peptido~protein ; Glycan~sugar (distinct from other types of cell
wall, which makes bacteria unique from other eukaryotic cells)

Answer 4

BACTERIA

Question 5

prokaryotic; lacks a membrane bound nucleus/has no nucleus

Answer 5

BACTERIA

Question 6

*exist as unicellular

*reproduces by binary fission (asexually); make a copy and divide

*circular DNA

Answer 6

BACTERIA

Question 7

Some are photosynthetic (autotrophic; self-feeder, able to make their own food) EX.;
cyanobacteria, does photosynthesis, takes up water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight then converts
it into chemical energy in the form of sugar. Others are heterotrophic (other feeder); they have
to consume food in order to survive; cannot take in and make their own food.

Answer 7

BACTERIA

Question 8

Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan, instead they have cell wall called pseudomurein (made with a
mixture or sugar and protein, however it is not chemically related with peptidoglycan)

Answer 8

ARCHAEA

Question 9

 Unicellular

 Reproduces by binary fission (asexual reproduction)

 Circular DNA

Answer 9

ARCHAEA

Question 10

Extremophiles: (grows in very extreme environment)

Answer 10

ARCHAEA

Question 11

Eukaryotic; has nucleus

Cell wall has chitin – polysaccharide (many sugar)

Answer 11

FUNGI

Question 12

Heterotrophic; consume food to survive; feeds on dead decaying matter - Saprobes

Answer 12

FUNGI

Question 13

Unicellular; ex. yeast Or Multicellular; ex. molds and mushrooms

Answer 13

FUNGI

Question 14

 Can produce sexually or asexually

 Linear DNA

Answer 14

FUNGI

Question 15

Eukaryotic; has nucleus

 usually lacks cell walls

Answer 15

PROTOZOA

Question 16

usually, heterotrophic
 unicellular
 can reproduce sexually or asexually

Answer 16

PROTOZOA

Question 17

moves by:

• pseudopods
• flagella; microscopic hair-like structures, “flagellum” means “whip”
• cilia; small, slender, hair-like structures
• some are non-motile

Answer 17

PROTOZOA

Question 18

eukaryotic

 cell wall has cellulose – polysaccharide (many sugar)

Answer 18

ALGAE

Question 19

photosynthetic (autotrophic; self-feeder)

 unicellular or multicellular

Answer 19

ALGAE

Question 20

can reproduce asexually or sexually often contains pigments: green, red, or brown

Answer 20

ALGAE

Question 21

Acellular – not made of cells (non-living)

Answer 21

VIRUSES

Question 22

Obligate intracellular parasites – meaning it has to be within a cell, viruses cannot reproduce
without a host cell

Answer 22

VIRUSES

Question 23

Can store genetic info in DNA or RNA

Answer 23

VIRUSES

Question 24

May be enveloped or naked

Answer 24

VIRUSES

Question 25

Flat worms and rounds worms

Answer 25

HELMINTHS

Question 26

 No cell walls

Answer 26

HELMINTHS

Question 27

Heterotrophic

Answer 27

HELMINTHS

Question 28

 Can reproduce sexually or asexually

Answer 28

HELMINTHS

Question 29

 Have microscopic stages

Answer 29

HELMINTHS

Question 30

Some bacteria are photosynthetic, they are able to convert solar energy to ______

Answer 30

chemical energy

Question 31

reported that living things were composed of little boxes or “cells” from looking at cork

Answer 31

ROBERT HOOKE

Question 32

He was the first one to see cells, however what he saw is not from a living organism

Answer 32

ROBERT HOOKE

Question 33

Led to the cell theory: all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells

Answer 33

ROBERT HOOKE

Question 34

described live microorganisms (“animalcules”)

Answer 34

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 35

The first one to describe living organisms.

Answer 35

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 36

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life

Answer 36

SPONTAEOUS GENERATION

Question 37

the hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life; Living cells can only arise from preexisting cells

Answer 37

BIOGENESIS

Question 38

boiled nutrient broth and then covered the flasks after; but microbes come from the air that are capped in the flask after the broth was boiled. (Flawed experiment)

Answer 38

1745: JOHN NEEDHAM

Question 39

maggots don’t arise from decaying meat; fresh air required

Answer 39

1668: FRANCESCO REDI

Question 39

Needham should have covered before boiling

Answer 39

1765: LAZZARO SPALLANZI

Question 39

results of s-shaped flask experiment

Answer 39

1861: LOUIS PASTEUR

Question 40

Childbirth fever from septicemia (bacteria in the blood) was higher for physicians (due to contamination; handling cadaver and unable to disinfect) than for midwives

Answer 40

1840s: Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 40

Advocated handwashing between patients - Incidence dropped from 35% - 1%

Answer 40

1840s: Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 40

Proved bacteria cause disease

Answer 40

1875: Robert Koch

Question 40

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Answer 40

1875: Robert Koch

Question 41

Discovered Bacillus anthracis from a cow that died of anthrax

Answer 41

1875: Robert Koch

Question 41

Applied germ theory to medical practices - Cleaned instruments between surgeries

Answer 41

1860s: Joseph Lister (surgeon)

Question 41

Knew phenol (carbolic acid) killed bacteria - Used carbolic acid as chemical control

Answer 41

1860s: Joseph Lister (surgeon)

Question 42

1st vaccine

Answer 42

1796: Edward Jenner

Question 43

No smallpox in milkmaids/cowpox

Answer 43

1796: Edward Jenner

Question 44

Exposed individual to material from cowpox lesion - Then exposed to smallpox, no infection

Answer 44

1796: Edward Jenner

Question 45

The protection from disease provided by vaccination is called IMMUNITY.

Answer 45

1796: Edward Jenner

Question 46

Discovered why vaccinations work

Answer 46

1880: Pasteur

Question 47

Cholera bacterium lost ability to cause disease after grown in the lab for long periods

Answer 47

1880: Pasteur

Question 48

Still able to induce immunity

Answer 48

1880: Pasteur

Question 49

observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus

Answer 49

1928: Alexander Fleming

Question 50

discovered the first antibiotic

Answer 50

1928: Alexander Fleming

Question 51

Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced

Answer 51

1940s