Introduction

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

systematic and conventional use of sounds or signs for the purpose of communication or self-expression

Question 2

Perceptual Precursors

Answer 2

• attention to language/speech
• discriminate speech sounds
  -remember sequences
• discriminate sequences
• remember/recall
  discriminate intonations

Question 3

Measuring Infant perception: Physiological Measures

Answer 3

• Heart rate
• ERP
  -fNIRP

Question 4

Measuring Infant perception: Habituation Dishabituation

Answer 4

-high amplitude sucking
head-turn technique
preferential listening

Question 5

Innately Guided Learning

Answer 5

• evidence of response to loud sounds by 26th week of gestation
• fetuses not only hear but they remember

Question 6

Hydrophone Studies: with sheep

Answer 6

Armitage

Question 7

Hydrophone Studies: with humans

Answer 7

Querleu and Renard

Question 8

Listening in Utero

Answer 8

sounds with frequency 1000 Hz or less are transmitted with little attenuation, whereas higher freq. are greatly attenuated

Question 9

Babies prefer:

Answer 9

• native language
• mothers voice
• particular stories

Question 10

Development of Responses to Sound: Newborn

Answer 10

-startled by loud noise
-turns head to look in direction of sound
-calmed by voice
- prefers mother’s voice
- discriminates many speech sounds

Question 11

Development of Responses to Sound: 1-2 months

Answer 11

-smile when spoken to

Question 12

Development of Responses to Sound: 3-7 months

Answer 12

-can perceive intonation, responds differently to friendly vs angry voice

Question 13

Auditory developments post birth

Answer 13

-higher thresholds (dB) throughout the first year
- babies who are hard of hearing are not born with the same thresholds at birth

Question 14

spacial localisation

Answer 14

• newborns generally turn head in correct direction, general areas
• minimal audible angles, approx 19 degrees at 7 months
  -poor localisation even at 5 years

Question 15

Visual Perception

Answer 15

• newborn vision 20/400
• 6 times worse than normal adults (but good enough to see facial features, hands)
• at birth, lens is fully developed
• poor control of ciliary muscles
• increases to 35% by 10 weeks

Question 16

Prefer visual objects such as:

Answer 16

-sharp contours
-moving objects
- faces
- light/dark contrasts

Question 17

Auditory/Visual Links Dodd 1979

Answer 17

• recognises synchrony at 10-16 weeks
• looked longer ash the face in front of them when the speech was in synchrony with facial movements

Question 18

Auditory/Visual Links Kukl and Meltzoff 1982, 1984

Answer 18

-recognize correspondence between sight and sound of speech by 18 weeks

Question 19

cocktail party problem

Answer 19

-noise in the environment can play a large role in how children perceive speech

Question 20

noise with younger infants

Answer 20

• infants ability to recognise their own name in the presence of background noise
• ex. client with language disorders

Question 21

Categorical Perception

Answer 21

• the ability to differentiate speech sounds
• speech sounds are perceived categorically rather than continually
• adult listeners cannot distinguish all speech sounds
• adults only distinguish the speech sounds that result in meaningful differences in their native language

Question 22

speech perception over the lifespan

Answer 22

-infant perception is quite good for native as well as non-native contrasts
- by 10 months, discrimination of non-native contrasts declines

Question 23

critical period in language acquisition

Answer 23

• idea that there is a window for learning language

Question 24

innateness hypothesis

Answer 24

-the idea that infants are born with a certain degree of knowledge regarding the fact that languages have features and they are supposed to “figure out” what those features are

Question 25

linguistic universals

Answer 25

- the concept that there are nouns and verbs

Question 26

universal grammer

Answer 26

- the set of known features shared by all languages

Question 27

critical period hypothesis

Answer 27

-"normal" language acquisition must occur in early childhood - there is a circumsized developmental period before adulthood during which either first or second language acquisition is essentially guaranteed, and after which mastery of a language is not attainable

Question 28

empathetic stress

Answer 28

- how are you emphasising the words - highlighting the words that the baby may not know or they want the child to learn

Question 29

Vocalisations: Stage 1

Answer 29

reflexive vocalisations (crying, burping, coughing)

Question 30

Vocalisations: Stage 2

Answer 30

cooing and laughter

Question 31

Vocalisations: Stage 3

Answer 31

isolated vowel-like sounds (ah-ah)

Question 32

Vocalisations: Stage 4

Answer 32

canonical babbling - consonant vowel cluster - rhythmic "gaga gaga"

Question 33

Vocalisations: Stage 5

Answer 33

jargon babbling - no real words but has prosody to depict what they are speaking

Question 34

overextensions

Answer 34

sees any man and calls them all daddy sees any animal and calls them all dog

Question 35

under extensions

Answer 35

- if you have a dog and call your dog, dog, and see another dog out of your house and dont call it dog -less common than overextensions - children attempt to be conservative in their use of language -seen in older children with larger vocabularies

Question 36

word spurt

Answer 36

- happens around 50 words/18 months - 20-40 new words a month debate on existence of the spurt

Question 37

Typical 2 year old

Answer 37

- has at least 50 words - has begun to combine words into two word combinations

Question 38

Langauge Mixing/Code switching

Answer 38

- a speech style in which fluent bilinguals move in and out of two (or more) languages when speaking

Question 39

language borrowing

Answer 39

- use of a word from another langue, which demonstrates morphological and phonological adaptation to the native language - if there is not a word for a thing in the language you are speaking you borrow a word from another language