INTRODUCTION Flashcards
1
Q
Greek word meaning drug
A
Pharmacon
2
Q
Latin word meaning to study
A
logos
3
Q
Is the science which deals with the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms.
A
Pharmacology
4
Q
Four divisions of pharmacology:
A
Pharmacy
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacotherapeutics
Toxicology
5
Q
the are and science of preparing, compounding, and dispensing of drugs.
A
Pharmacy
6
Q
Pharmacy consist of:
A
Pharmacognosy
Posology
Metrology
7
Q
Study of the source of drugs.
A
Pharmacognosy
8
Q
Study of drug dosages.
A
Posology
9
Q
Study of weights and measure of drugs.
A
Metrology
10
Q
Study of how drugs produce effects on living organisms.
A
Pharmacodynamics
11
Q
Studies the mechanism and site of action of drugs.
A
Pharmacodynamics
12
Q
Study of the processes and factors which determines the amount of drugs at the sites of actions at various times between the application or administration of drugs and their elimination from the body.
A
Pharmacokinetics
13
Q
Principles of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
A
Drug action and drug effects
14
Q
The mechanism by which a drug produces an effect.
A
Drug action
15
Q
Refers to where and how the effect is produced.
A
Drug action
16
Q
Example of drug action
A
Acetylcholine binds to Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors
17
Q
Do not produce any perceptible effect.
A
Non-specific drug action
18
Q
Produces perceptible changes
A
Specific drug action
19
Q
Is the change the drug produces in an individual that can be perceive and measured.
A
Drug effect
20
Q
Example
A
Acetylcholine
21
Q
Stimulation of smooth muscles of the viscera, increased secretion of smooth muscles.
A
Acetylcholine
22
Q
Drug induced change in an organism but non drug substance like food can induce physiological and pharmacologic effects.
A
Pharmacological effect
23
Q
Other examples of pharmacological effects.
A
-Ingestion of too much water which leads to cell swelling
-Overdose of insulin causes hypoglycemia
-Ingestion of oranges makes the animal more resistant to diseases
24
Q
Effect that maintains normal body functions.
A
Physiological effect
25
Example of Physiologic effect
Injection of insulin reduces the blood glucose to normal concentrations in a diabetic patient
26
Study of application of drugs for the use in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases.
Pharmacotherapeutics
27
Study of harmful effects of drugs.
Toxicology
28
Toxicology includes:
Chemical
Clinical
Forensic
Legal
29
Emphasis on chemical properties of poisons
Chemical
30
Emphasis on diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of poisonings with chemical substances including medicine.
Clinical
31
Identification of substances in suspected cases of poisoning with the aim of solving a chemical problem
Forensic
32
Emphasis on promulgation of laws on safety of chemical substances in the environment or food for human, animal and plant population.
Legal
33
Categories of pharmacology
Molecular pharmacology
Clinical pharmacology
Veterinary pharmacology
34
Study of the basic mechanism of drug action biological systems.
Molecular pharmacology
35
Concerned with the rational development, effective use, and proper evaluation of drugs for the diagnosis, prevention and cure of diseases.
Clinical pharmacology
36
Concerned with drugs as they are used in the diagnosis, treatment of animal diseases, and In the intentional alteration of animal physiology
Veterinary pharmacology
37
Earliest written compilation of drug written by Emperor Shenung in about 2700 BC.
Pen Tsao
38
Oldest record of Egyptian drug codification written about 2000 BC. Which deals with veterinary medicine and uterine disease of women and contains a number of prescriptions.
Kahun Papyrus
39
Great teacher of medicine.
Hippocrates
40
Adapted the motion of a humoral basis for diseases from philosophies in Asia Minor.
Hippocrates
41
Four elements of philosophy
Water
Fire
Air
Earth
42
Sanguine temperament
Blood
43
Phlegmatic
Phlegm
44
Bilious
Yellow bile or urine
45
Melancholic
Black bile
46
Recorded numerous observation on animals
Aristotle
47
He classified medicinal plants in the basis of their individual characteristics.
Theophrastus
48
Compiled the First Materia Medica
Dioscorides
49
Recognized books of drug preparation
Pharmacopeias
50
His work dealing with physiology and material medical became authoritive which were used widely for 1400 years
Galen
51
First to distill wines and beers to obtain ethanol for preparing tinctures.
Muslim culture
52
Geber Ibn Hagar
Classified drugs and poisons and recognized that the difference between a drug and a poison was a matter of dosage
53
Compiled the first pharmacopeia and described techniques to be employed I preparation of drugs
Valerius Cordus
54
Introduced the clinical use of laundanum(opium) and a number of tinctures of various plants.
Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim
55
Drugs suc as Crichona(quinine), coffee, tea and cocoa(methylxanthines) curane, digitalis, and a variety aof alkaloids were discovered
17 to 18 century
56
Gave the most notable contribution to therapy an account of the foxglove and some of its medical uses.
William Withering
57
His observation the usage of digitals is the treatment of (ascites due to CHF) are steel petinent
William Withering
58
Discovered Ang established the principle of prophylactic immunization against small pix was the first to describe anaphylaxis.
Edward Jenner
59
Discovered the circulation of blood.
William Harvey
60
Made the first intravenous injections of drugs into a dog
Christopher Wren
61
Devised the first hypodermic needle and syrine
Alexander wood
62
The science of pharmacology has Flourished In the medical and pharmacy school.
20th Century
63
Was instrumental in shifting emphasis in the veterinary curriculum form material medica to the science of Veterinary pharmacology
L. Meyer Jones
64
Opened the fist school veterinary medicine in Lyons on February 13, 1762
Claude Bourgelat
65
Produces in 1932 effective against bacterial diseases which lead in the significant improvement in animal welfare
Sulphonamides
66
Discovered for parasite therapy.
Benzimadazoles
67
Products that have been authorized by Agricultural and health ministers.
Veterinary medicines
68
Is any Drug or substance with specific affinity to a receptor.
Ligand
69
Are molecules to which a drug has specific affinity.
Receptors
70
2 requirements for drug activity
Affinity
Efficacy
71
Tendency of a drug to combine with it's specific receptor.
Affinity
72
Inherent capacity of a drug to produce a response by itself
Efficacy
73
Is a drug that does not have intrinsic activity but binds with specific receptors.
Antagonist
74
A drug having both agonistic and antagonistic properties
Dualist
75
Cannot produce an effect except in the presence of an agonist.
Competitive antagonist
76
Inhibits the action of an agonist by binding at a site other than the receptor
Non competitive agonist
77
Features of the dose response curve
Potency
Slope
Variability
78
Function of the drugs affinity for the receptor, absorption, excretion, degradation rates.
Potency
79
Indicates the range of dosage over which the drug acts, from minimally detectable to maximally effective
Slope
80
In the same patient can be due to circadian changes, age, state of heath, drug- indeed.
Variability
81
The body reservoir that holds the greatest amount of the barbiturate thiopental is.
Fat
82
When one of the two drugs has zero intrinsic activity.
Potentiation
83
The drug with zero intrinsic activity is considered a
Potentiator
84
Effect of a drug combination is greater than the separate effects of the individual drugs.
Synergism
85
The combined effect of the drugs is equal to the sum of their individual effect.
Additive effect
86
Results from coulombic feeds(electrostatic attraction) between oppositely charged ions.
Ionic bond
87
The force of attraction between ions diminishes inversely with the square of the distance between them
Ionic bond
88
Two atoms share a pair of electrons. It has high binding energy.
Covalent bond
89
Can be broken at very high temperature or intervention of catalytic enzymes.
Covalent bond
90
Arises from the ability of a proton(H) to accept an electron pair.
Hydrogen Bond
91
It is stronger than covalent bond.
Hydrogen bond
92
From the very weak bond between dipoles , often between similar atoms.
Intermolecular forces(van der Waals forces)
93
Most dangerous route of drug adminastration is?
IV
94
Injection of the drug into rumen
Enteral
95
Enteral route includes the:
Oral route(by mouth, per os, per Orem, p. O)
Rectal route
96
Examples of parental route of drug administration
Intravenous, subcutaneous, intrapleural, intrasynovial, intraconjuctival, intratracheal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, inhalation, intranasal, intradermal.
97
The study of the rate of change from the initial state to the final state of a substance.
Kinetics
98
A constant percentage of the drug remaining in the site of administration is absorbed(or disappears from the site with time)
First order kinetics
99
The actual amount of drug absorbed per unit time is the same regardless of how much of the drug remains in the site.
Zero order kinetics
100
The time it takes for a drug concentration to be reduced to 50% its initial concentration.
Half life
101
The total quantity of drug absorbed intact.
Bioavailability
102
% of blood/plasma in body weight.
4%
103
% of interstitial in Body weight.
18%
104
% of transcellular in body weight.
2%
105
% of intracellular in body weight.
40%
106
When injected into the circulation stays confined to the cardiovascular system.
Evan's blue or I-albumin
107
Its volume of distribution therefore is equal to the plasma volume.
Evan's blue or I-albumin
108
Freely diffuses out of blood vessels but does not enter the cells.
Inulin or EDTA
109
Freely diffuses out of blood vessels but does not enter the cells.
Inulin or EDTA
110
It therefore measures the ECF.
Inulin or EDTA
111
The differences between ECF and plasma volume is?
Interstitial fluid volume
112
Readily crosses all epithelial barriers.
Isotopic water or antipyrine
113
It is used to measure total body fluid volume.
Isotopic water or antipyrine
114
The difference between total body fluid and ECF?
Intracellular fluid volume
115
Are extracellular fluids but enclosed within epithelial tissues.
Transcellular fluid volume
116
Transcellular fluid volume include:
Synovial
Intraocular
Cerebrospinal
Peritoneal
Pericardial
Pleural fluids
117
Drug action is terminated by the following:
Excretion
Biotransformation
Redistribution of sequestration
118
Removal of drug and drug metabolites from the body.
Excretion
119
Inactivation of most drugs.
Biotrasformation
120
Terminated drug activity by removing the drug from its site of action into other sites within the body.
Redistribution of sequestration
121
The sequestered drug will be eventually;
Biotransformed
Excreted
122
Refers to the biochemical processes affecting the pharmacological activity of drugs and other substances.
Biotransformation
123
Reduction of drug activity
Detoxification
124
Normal anabolic and metabolic reactions
Metabolism
125
Example of Metabolism
Hormone
126
Is the most important site of drug biotransformation in the body
Liver
127
Biotransformation also occurs in other organs including
Intestinal mucosa
Lungs
Kidney
128
Are generally less active than the parent compound if not totally inactive.
Metabolities
129
Are almost always more polar and less soluble than the parent compound.
Metabolities or by products
130
The process of transforming and inactive or less active compound to a more active metabolite but the resulting does not always cause death.
Lethal synthesis
131
The microsomal enzymes which are a complex of proteins and heme which are located in the SER
cytochrome P-40
132
2 phases of Drug biotransformation
Phase I
Phase II
133
Involves synthetic reactions conjugating the products of Phase I
Phase II
134
Phase I reactions with metabolites normally present in the body such as:
Glucoronide
Sulfate
Acetate
Ornithine
135
Four reactions in the biotransformation of drugs by the microsomal enzymes:
Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis
Conjugation
136
Oxidative reactions:
Aromatic hydroxylation
Aliphatic oxidation
O-dealkylation
N-dealkylation
Oxidative deamination
Desulfuration
Sulfoxidation
137
Reductive reactions:
Azo reduction
Nitro reduction
138
Hydrolytic reactions:
Easter hydrolysis
Nitro reduction
139
Conjugation reactions:
Glucoronic acid conjugation
Sulfate conjugation
Acetylation
Methylation
140
The most important means of eliminating drugs from body
Urine
Bile
