Introduction Flashcards
(29 cards)
are products from various natural sources, plants, microbes, and animals
Natural Products
In practice, the term natural products refers to
Secondary metabolites
Provide 2 definitions of natural products aside from the used definition of questions 1 and 2
Can be an entire organism (e.g., a plant, an animal, or a microorganism), a part of an organism (e.g., leaves or flowers of a plant or an isolated part of an animal), an extract of an organism or part of an organism, and an exudate or pure compound (alkaloids, cuomarin, flavonoids, lignans, steroids, and terpenoids) isolated from plants, animals, or microorganism.
It is a small molecule that is not essential to the growth and development of the producing organism and is not classified by structure.
Examples of natural products
Coumarin
Lignans
Steroids
Terpenoids
Alkaloids, etc.
Chemical characteristics of natural products
natural products are naturally-occurring small organic compounds that include heterocyclic compounds and peptides and do not include proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids
How small can a natural product be
~150~<800 amu
Enumerate the methods of extraction and purification of natural products
TLC
Column Chromatography
HPLC
GC
Enumerate the method of structural elucidation of natural products
NMR
MS
IR
UV
X-RAY
Biological characteristics of natural products
Compounds that are generally characteristic of a particular species or family, i.e., narrow taxonomic distribution (non-ubiquitous)
One of natural products biological characteristics is that it has no nutritional or structural function, however it has various functional roles that includes
Color- identification- scent (attraction or repulsion)
Sexual attraction- social communication
Defense- (e.g. plants toxins and antibiotics)
Note: many still have unknown function in the organism in which they are found
Proponent of Natural Products. Provide the year and the recognition he received.
Albrecht Kössel
1891
1910 Nobel Prize for Medicine
What did Albrecht Kössel proposed?
He proposed that primary metabolites are involved in the basic processes of the cell and are common to many organisms. Secondary metabolites are made by distinct pathways limited to some organisms, hence they serve a less vital role.
Note:
The time scale of fragmentation of the study of Natural Products- a fragmentation that has resulted in the current unsatisfactory situation where different groups of scientists use their own names for the same class substances
Give examples of primary metabolites
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Primary metabolites can be classified according to and used as
Structural units
Energy resources
Give examples of secondary metabolites
Phenolics
Terpenoids
Steroids
Alkaloids
Secondary metabolites are
Mediators(?) relationships between plants and environment
Enumerate the diverse aspects of the chemistry of natural products
- Structural elucidation of natural products compounds
- Total synthesis or semi-synthesis of natural products; enzyme synthesis
- Determination of biosynthetic pathways using plant tissues, cell culture, and isotopic labeling
- Pharmaceutical science: pharmacologic effects
- Functional foods, herbal medicines
- Agricultural science; anti-pest, allelopathy, IPM
- Ethnobotany
- Plant chemistry and plant development
- Biodiversity and ecology; marine natural products
- Chemotaxonomy and genetic classification
- Genomics and metabolomics
Why study natural products
- Source of most complex and fascinating chemical structures
- Represent biological diversity
- Expressions of the genome
- Represent natural biological activity, whether as single compounds or as complex mixtures
- Are part of the natural wealth of the country, and can be an important source of livelihood, from agriculture and food, pharmaceuticals, fine chemical industries
- Can be an effective bridge from tradition to modern scientific developments, including genetics, molecular biology, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical science
Market of natural products includes
Pharmaceuticals
Herbal medicine
Essential oils
Perfume
Herbs and Spices (?)
Enumerate the different classification of special crops
- Stimulants
- Plant producing exudates
- Tannins producing plants
- Dyes producing plants
- Pesticides and herbicides producing plants
- Spices
- Aromatic plants
- Medicinal plants
Plants producing psycho-active compounds with stimulating properties that are present in non-toxic concentrations in the harvested plant larts
Stimulants
Plants producing subtances that are oozed forth from plant pores and wounds
Plants producing exudates
Plants producing substances capable of promoting tannin
Tannins producing plants
