Introduction

Question 1

What are the levels of organization?

Answer 1

1. chemical or molecular level
2. cellular level
3. tissue level
4. organ level
5. system level
6. organism level

Question 2

What is homeostasis?

Answer 2

the maintenance of dynamic equilibrium of internal environment of the body.
Ex: body temperature, acid-base balance, fluid balance, hormonal, nutrient, oxygen levels

Question 3

What does homeostatic autoregulation (intrinsic regulation) do?

Answer 3

adjust automatically in response to some environmental changes

Question 4

What is homeostatic extrinsic regualtion?

Answer 4

nervous and endocrine systems adjust the activities of many systems simultaneously

Question 5

What is negative feedback?

Answer 5

a corrective mechanism that opposes or negates a variation from normal limits

Question 6

What is positive feedback?

Answer 6

a mechanism that increases a deviation from normal limits after an initial stimulus

Question 7

What is cell physiology include?

Answer 7

cellular environment, movement of substance through cell membranes

Question 8

What are the fluids of the cellular environment?

Answer 8

intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

Question 9

What does extracellular fluid consist of?

Answer 9

interstitial fluid, blood and lymph

Question 10

What percentage of water is muscle?

Answer 10

75%

Question 11

What percentage of fat is water?

Answer 11

10%

Question 12

What does acid release?

Answer 12

H+

Question 13

What do bases release?

Answer 13

OH-

Question 14

What is the normal body pH of mammals?

Answer 14

7.35-7.5

Question 15

What is osmolarity?

Answer 15

the total solute concentration in an aqueous solution.

Question 16

What is an isotonic solution?

Answer 16

equal inside and outside of cells (0.9% NaCl)

Question 17

What is the cell membrane made up of?

Answer 17

phospholipid bilayer

Question 18

What are the two parts of a phospholipid?

Answer 18

hydrophilic head on the outside and hydrophobic fatty acids tails on the inside.

Question 19

Why is a phospholipid bilayer useful?

Answer 19

It allows proteins suspended in the bilayer to easily move through it.

Question 20

What are the 4 kinds of passive transport?

Answer 20

diffusion, osmosis, filtration, facilitated diffusion

Question 21

What are the 3 types of active transport?

Answer 21

active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

Question 22

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

Answer 22

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated

Question 23

How does diffusion move?

Answer 23

down a concentration gradient

Question 24

What are the factors influencing diffusion rates?

Answer 24

Distance, gradient size, molecular size, temperature, electrical forces, lipid solubility, membrane channels

Question 25

What are the main molecules of diffusion?

Answer 25

water, O2, CO2, steroids, Cl-, urea

Question 26

What is osmosis?

Answer 26

The diffusion of water across the cell membrane

Question 27

What is osmotic pressure equal?

Answer 27

the force of a concentration gradient of water equals the force (hydrostatic pressure) needed to block osmosis

Question 28

What does a cell in an isotonic solution do?

Answer 28

no size change

Question 29

What does a cell in a hypotonic solution do?

Answer 29

cells swell to burst

Question 30

What do cells in a hypertonic solution do?

Answer 30

cells shrink

Question 31

What is filtration?

Answer 31

the passing of water and permeable solutes through a membrane by the force of hydrostatic pressure

Question 32

What is hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 32

The force, weight, of a fluid pushing against a surface, such as blood pressure

Question 33

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 33

Is passive, includes channel mediated and carrier mediated

Question 34

What is involved in channel mediated diffusion?

Answer 34

only water and ions

Question 35

What is active transport?

Answer 35

The movement of substance against a concentration gradient

Question 36

What does active transport require?

Answer 36

energy, such as ATP

Question 37

What is an example of active transport?

Answer 37

sodium-potassium exchange pump

Question 38

What is secondary active transport?

Answer 38

When Na+ concentration gradient drives glucose transport and ATP energy pumps Na+ back out

Question 39

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 39

When a cell engulfs solid material

Question 40

What is pinocytosis?

Answer 40

When a cell engulfs liquid

Question 41

What does endocytosis require?

Answer 41

energy, making it active transport

Question 42

What is transmembrane potential?

Answer 42

Unequal charge across the cell membrane

Question 43

What is the charge of the inside and outside of the cell membrane?

Answer 43

inside the cell membrane is slightly negative, outside is slightly positive

Question 44

What are the four basic tissue types?

Answer 44

epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

Question 45

What is epithelial tissue?

Answer 45

Layers of cells covering internal or external surface

Question 46

What are glands?

Answer 46

structures that produce secretion

Question 47

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Answer 47

cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration

Question 48

What are the two types of glandular epithelia?

Answer 48

endocrine and exocrine

Question 49

What do endocrine glands do?

Answer 49

release hormones into interstitial fluid and blood, do not have ducts

Question 50

What do exocrine glands do?

Answer 50

produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces through ducts (with the exception of goblet cells)

Question 51

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 51

physical protection, control permeability, sensory functions, absorbs nutrients, secretions of hormones and mucus, excretion of sweat and urine

Question 52

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Answer 52

largest tissue, connect epithelium to the rest of the body (basal lamina), provide structure (bone), store energy (fat), transport materials (blood, have no contact with environment (sterile)

Question 53

What are the characteristics of connective tissue?

Answer 53

specialized cells, matrix (extracellular components) -- collagenous fiber - reticular fibers - elastic fibers, vasculated (direct blood supply)

Question 54

What makes up a body membrane?

Answer 54

epithelia and connective tissues

Question 55

What do membranes do?

Answer 55

line body cavities, separate organs, and cover surfaces

Question 56

What are the four types of mucous membranes?

Answer 56

mucous membranes (mucosae), serous membranes (serosaw), cutaneous membranes (integument, skin), synovial membranes

Question 57

What is muscle tissue specialized for?

Answer 57

contraction

Question 58

What are the three types of muscle tissues and their qualities?

Answer 58

skeletal muscle (striated, voluntary), cardiac muscle (involuntary, striated), smooth muscle (non-striated, involuntary)

Question 59

What is nervous tissue specialized for?

Answer 59

the conduction of electrical impulses from one region of the body to another

Question 60

What does nervous tissue include?

Answer 60

brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves