introduction

Question 1

how many people are suffering from any psychological disorder

Answer 1

Around 10% of people is suffering from any psychological disorder

Question 2

A psychological disorder is a…

Answer 2

• Psychological dysfunction along time (concerning behavior, emotion, or cognition)
• unexpected in the individual’s sociocultural context
• and associated with intense and chronic distress or interference or inability (social or job)
• It is not a particular behavior, a single emotion or thought. And it is not a habit or a personality predisposition (if they do not cause human suffering).

Question 3

why use the concept psychological disorder?

Answer 3

• helps to humanize suffering and strange behaviors and feelings

Question 4

bad practice of using the concept psychological disorder

Answer 4

• labelling persons not problems
• false positives (overdiagnosis)

Question 5

Hippocrates of Kos

Answer 5

First descriptions of psychological disorder

Question 6

Thomas Sydenham

Answer 6

Concept of syndrome (=a set of symptoms)

Question 7

Philippe Pinel

Answer 7

• Mental alienation concept
• hypothesis about causes of mental insanity: genetics, physical and moral (passions, all kind of excesses
• a more humane intervention: moral therapy

Question 8

Emil Kraepelin

Answer 8

First systematic classification

Question 9

The two main classifications used in the world

Answer 9

• DSM-5
• ICD-11

Question 10

which factors does psychological disorders have?

Answer 10

• biological factors
• social factors
• psychological factors

Question 11

what is biological factors?

Answer 11

• genetic predisposition
• neuroanatomical alterations
• unbalanced chemical system

Question 12

what is social factors?

Answer 12

• To be criticized or rejected
• social comparison

Question 13

what is psychological factors?

Answer 13

• self-esteem
• instability (in general we love ourselves, but with conditions
• no reality acceptance
• emotional dysregulation

Question 14

how to evaluate?

Answer 14

• psychological factors
• social factors: it is very important to evaluate the person in his or her family, social, economic and cultural context
• biological factors: fortunately, each time there are more and more devices and instruments available for biological evaluation

Question 15

what kind of methods is there for evaluation?

Answer 15

interview
observation
test

Question 16

how to interview?

Answer 16

• use active observation and non-verbal communication
• ask only relevant information with maximum respect and affection
• do not ask questions when you already know the answer
• do not anticipate explanations and do not offer them to the person
  eg: “don’t you believe this is happening because of…?”
• Write down: “the person is saying that…” (do not believe the information only once listened at)
• Use the “descending arrow technique” for exploring inner thoughts, needs, goals, values…

Question 17

give an example of descending arrow technique?

Answer 17

i worry about start teaching at school–>
if i don’t do it well, they will fire me–>
my finances are at risk–>
i would have to move back to my parents–>
that would be the worst thing that could happen to me–>

Question 18

why use descending arrow technique?

Answer 18

explore inner thoughts, needs, goals, values

Question 19

give some examples of tests

Answer 19

free responses measures (formerly known as “projective tests”
- word association test
- rorschach test
- thematic apperception test

rating scales or self-report measures (formerly known as “objective tests”)

Question 20

describe the Word association test (1910)
and who made it?

Answer 20

• Carl G. Jung 1875-1961
• what comes to your mind when you hear the word…?
  … to die?
• interest in the unconscious, like his teacher Freud
  for him: mental problems are pathological ways of seeking personal and spiritual self-realization

Question 21

describe the Rorschach test (1921) and who made it?

Answer 21

• Hermann Rorschach
• What do you see in this picture?

Question 22

describe Thematic apperception test (TAT) and who made it?

Answer 22

• Henry A. Murray and Christiana D. Morgan
• 31 ambiguous images
  What happened for the situation to arise?
  What is happening at the moment?
  What do the protagonists feel and think?
  What was the outcome of the story?

Question 23

describe reliability and validity

Answer 23

reliable= results must be consistent
valid= results must satisfy objectives

Question 24

describe the self-report scales

Answer 24

• from 1-5 (5 is the highest, how much it is accurate for the person)
• example: my worries overwhelm me

Question 25

How to evaluate the reliability in a self-report test

Answer 25

Cronbach’s alpha/ coefficient alpha

Question 26

how are the “scales” of Cronbach’s alpha?

Answer 26

Rule of thumb: α must be > 0.70
0.9< a = excellent
0.8< a < 0.9= good
0.7 < a < 0.8= acceptable
0.6 < a <0.7= questionable
0.5 < a < 0.6= poor
a < 0.5= unacceptable

Question 27

what is a Professional basic plan?

Answer 27

• To empathize with the people involved
• to understand the demand and the underlying problem/s
• to set a goal/s (sorted)
• to draw a plan to achieve the goal
• to evaluate if the goal has been achieved

Question 28

how many percentage of people with serious psychological disorders receive adequate care?

Answer 28

Only 50% of people with serious psychological disorders receive adequate care!

Question 29

what is best for generalized anxiety disorder?

Answer 29

meditation > placebo
progressive relaxation > meditation
cognitive therapy = progressive relaxation

Question 30

is is only drugs that have side-effects?

Answer 30

no also:
relaxation
cognitive therapy
systemic therapies

Question 31

Psychodynamic therapy

Answer 31

psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud
analytical psychology: Carl Jung
Individual psychology: Alfred Adler

Question 32

Humanistic therapy

Answer 32

Gestalt psychology: Fritz Perls
Client centered therapy: Carl Rogers

Question 33

Behavior Therapy

Answer 33

Mary Jones
Joseph Wolpe

Question 34

Cognitive therapy

Answer 34

Aaron Beck
Albert Ellis

Question 35

Systemic therapy

Answer 35

Family therapy: Virginia Salir
structural family therapy: Salvador Minuchin
Strategic therapy: Jay Haley

Question 36

Third generation therapies

Answer 36

• Dialectical behavior therapy
• acceptance and commitment therapy
• mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
• evidence-based intervention