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Introduction Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Define myology

A

Study of muscles

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2
Q

What are the results of muscle contractions amd relaxations

A

Body movements

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3
Q

What are the results of muscle contractions amd relaxations

A

Body movements

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4
Q

Effects of nerve impulse stimulation

A

Contracts when there is a stimulation and relax after the nerve impulse is removed

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5
Q

Effects of nerve impulse stimulation

A

Contracts when there is a stimulation and relax after the nerve impulse is removed

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6
Q

What are the functions of muscles

A
  1. They produce movement
  2. Maintain posture and body position
  3. Support soft tissue
  4. Protect entrances and exits
  5. Maintains body temperature
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7
Q

What are the functions of muscles

A
  1. They produce movement
  2. Maintain posture and body position
  3. Support soft tissue
  4. Protect entrances and exits
  5. Maintains body temperature
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8
Q

4 Common characteristics of all muscles

A
  1. Irritability
  2. Contractility
  3. Extensibility
  4. Elasticity
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9
Q

4 Common characteristics of all muscles

A
  1. Irritability
  2. Contractility
  3. Extensibility
  4. Elasticity
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10
Q

What doest the word irritability mean in relation to muscles

A

Means sensitive to stimuli from nerve impulses

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11
Q

What does the word contractility mean in relation to muscle

A

Means responding to stimuli by contacting

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12
Q

What does the word extensibility mean in relation to muscles

A

Being able to stretch beyond their mormal size

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13
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

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14
Q

What are fascicles

A

Are muscle fibers or cells bundled together

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15
Q

What is the appearance of skeletal muscle

A

They are striped, roughly cylindrical in shape muscle fibers

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16
Q

What are skeletal muscles

A

They are involuntary muscles

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17
Q

What is the role of connective tissues in skeletal muscles

A

Connective tissue are used to attach one fiber to another and also attach one fascicle to another

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18
Q

What is a epimysium

A

Is a membrane that covers the whole muscle tissue

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19
Q

What is the epimysium connected to

A

To a tendon which comnects the muscle to the bone

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20
Q

What is a myofibrin

A

Is a thread like structure embeded in the muscle fiber

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21
Q

What comprises the myofibril

A

A protein actin and myosin which is responsible for muscle contraction

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22
Q

What is sarcolema

A

Is a cell membrane surrounding each muscle fiber

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23
Q

What is endomysium

A

a fine sheath of connective tissue
surrounding individual fiber of muscles.

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24
Q

what is perimysium

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A

connective tissue which binds groups of muscle fibers together into bundles.

25
define epimysium
means a membrane that covers the whole muscle
26
skeletal muscles are classified basing on the patten of fascicles. mention the patten
a. Parallel muscles b. Convergent muscles c. Circular (sphincteral) muscles d. Pennate muscles
27
define the arrangement of parallel muscles
*Fascicles are parallel to the long axis of the muscle
28
what happens to parallel muscles during contractions
During contractions it shortens and becomes large in diameter.
29
mention 2 examples of parallel muscles
1. Sartorius muscles 2. Rectus abdominis muscles.
30
What is the most common skeletal muscle in the body
parallel muscle
31
What is the defining characteristic of convergent muscles?
Convergent muscles have muscle fascicles that extend over a large area but come together at a common attachment point. This arrangement allows the muscle fibers to spread out like a broad triangle, with a tendon at the apex.
32
Provide examples of convergent muscles
1. Deltoid muscle 2. pectoralis muscle
33
What is the characteristic arrangement of muscle fascicles in circular (sphincteral) muscles
Circular muscles have concentrically arranged fascicles around an opening. These fascicles encircle the opening like a ring.
34
What happens to the diameter of the opening during muscle contraction in circular muscles?
During muscle contraction, the diameter of the opening becomes smaller. This constriction helps regulate the flow of substances through the opening.
35
Where are circular muscles commonly found in the body, and what role do they play
Circular muscles surround body openings and act as valves. They control the passage of materials in structures like the digestive tract (e.g., the pyloric sphincter) and the urinary system (e.g., the internal urethral sphincter).
36
Provide examples of circular (sphincteral) muscles.
Orbicularis Oris: This muscle encircles the mouth and controls lip movements. Orbicularis Oculi: Found around the eye, it helps close the eyelid
37
What is the defining characteristic of pennate muscles?
Pennate muscles have muscle fascicles that form a common angle with the tendon. This arrangement allows for more muscle fibers within the muscle.
38
How do pennate muscles differ from parallel muscles in terms of muscle fiber arrangement?
Pennate muscles contain more muscle fibers (and consequently more myofibrils) than parallel muscles. The oblique arrangement of fibers in pennate muscles increases their cross-sectional area.
39
Which types of pennate muscles exist, and what are their characteristics?
1. Unipennate: Fibers run obliquely from a tendon on one side only (e.g., biceps femoris, extensor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior). 2. Bipennate: Fibers run obliquely on both sides from a central tendon (e.g., rectus femoris, flexor hallucis longus). 3. Multipennate: Have several tendons with fibers running diagonally between them (e.g., deltoid).
40
True or False: Any pennate muscle produces greater tension than a parallel muscle.
True. Pennate muscles indeed generate more tension due to their increased muscle fiber density
41
Give an example of a multipennate muscle
The deltoid muscle is an example of a multipennate muscle
42
What muscle type has shorter fibers arranged obliquely to their tendons, similar to a feather
Unipennate muscles exhibit this arrangement
43
What is the primary characteristic of functional groups of muscles?
Functional groups of muscles contract together rather than independently. They work collaboratively to achieve specific movements.
44
Define “Synergist” in the context of muscle function
Synergists are muscles that contract together to achieve a particular movement. They assist the prime mover (agonist) by promoting the same movement or by stabilizing undesirable/unnecessary movements during contraction.
45
Give an example of synergistic muscles related to elbow joint movement
The brachioradialis and brachialis assist the biceps brachii in creating movement at the elbow joint. When the biceps contract, these synergists help achieve elbow flexion.
46
What is the primary function of fixator muscles?
Fixator muscles mainly function as joint stabilizers. They work to maintain the stability and balance of a joint during movement
47
How do fixators contribute to posture
Fixators help maintain upright posture. By stabilizing joints, they prevent unnecessary movement and keep the body in a balanced position.
48
Give an example of fixator muscles related to the shoulder joint
The rotator cuff muscles serve as fixators for the shoulder joint. They secure the head of the humerus within the glenoid cavity, providing stability during arm movements.
49
What is the primary role of agonist muscles?
Agonist muscles provide the major force for producing movement. They are responsible for initiating and controlling specific movements.
50
What other term is commonly used to refer to agonist muscles?
Agonist muscles are also known as “prime movers.”
51
Give an example of an agonist muscle and its associated movement
The biceps muscle serves as an agonist during elbow flexion. When you perform a bicep curl, the biceps brachii contract to lift the weight, causing flexion at the elbow joint.
52
What is the primary role of antagonist muscles?
Antagonist muscles oppose the action of the agonist (prime mover) or reverse a specific movement. They work in opposition to the agonist.
53
Give an example of an antagonist muscle pair related to elbow movement.
During elbow flexion (such as when you bend your arm), the biceps brachii muscle acts as the agonist (prime mover), while the triceps brachii serves as the antagonist. The biceps contract to flex the elbow, and the triceps relax to allow this movement.
54
True or False: Antagonist muscles always work against the agonist
True. Antagonists oppose the specific movement initiated by the agonist.
55
What muscle performs the antagonist movement when you straighten your arm?
The triceps muscle acts as the antagonist when you straighten your arm (elbow extension).
56
Which two muscles are involved in hip flexion
The quadriceps (agonist) and hamstrings (antagonist) work together during hip flexion
57
Skeletal muscles are named basing on which factors
Location Points of attachment Orientation of fibers Size Function Number of heads shape
58
which muscles are named after their shape
Trapezius (like a trapezoid)- Deltoid (triangle)- Pyramidal (pyramid)
59
which muscles are named after their location
Coccygeus (coccyx)- Femoris (femur) 27- Lumborum (lumbar region)

Muscular System (1 decks)

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