Introduction

Question 1

What is the study of the biological effects of chemicals?

Answer 1

Pharmacology

Question 2

In clinical practice, this refers to how chemicals act on living organisms.

Answer 2

Pharmacology

Question 3

Etymology of the word “Pharmacology” and its meaning.

Answer 3

“Pharmakon” - drug or poison
“Logos” - study

Question 4

What are chemicals that are introduced to the body to cause change?

It can be benefiocial or not.

Answer 4

Drugs

Question 5

What is the branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease?

Its two key concerns are:
1. The drug effects on the body
2. Body’s response to the drug

Answer 5

Pharmacotherapeutics / Clinical Pharmacology

Question 6

What are the four basic terms in Pharmacology?

Answer 6

1. Drugs
2. Pharmacology
3. Clinical Pharmacology
4. Therapeutics

Question 7

It is defined as any chemical that can affect living processes.

Answer 7

Drugs

Question 8

What is the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems?

It includes the study of physical and chemical properties of drugs as well as its biochemical and psychologic effects.

Answer 8

Pharmacology

Question 9

What is the study of the history, sources, and uses of drugs as well as the drtug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion?

Answer 9

Pharmacology

Question 10

What is the study of drugs in human?

Includes the study of drugs in patients as well as healthy volunteers.

Answer 10

Clinical Pharmacology

Question 11

What is the other term for therapeutics?

Answer 11

Pharmacotherapeutics

Question 12

What is the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease, or prevent pregnancy?

It is the medical use of drugs.

Answer 12

Therapeutics / Pharmacotherapeutics

Question 13

What are the properties of an ideal drug?

Hint: Acronym “SES”

Answer 13

1. Safety
2. Effectiveness
3. Selectivity

Question 14

What property of an ideal drug refers to its ability to elicit the responses for which it is given?

It is the most important property that a drug can have.

Answer 14

Effectiveness

Question 15

What property of an ideal drug is defined as one that cannot produce harmful effects even if administered in very high doses and for a very long time?

Answer 15

Safety

Question 16

What property of an ideal drug is defined as one that elicits the only response for which it is given?

Answer 16

Selectivity

Question 17

What are the additional properties of an ideal drug?

Hint: Acronym “RPEFLCA”

Answer 17

1. Reversible action
2. Predictability
3. Easy administration
4. Freedom from drug interactions
5. Low cost
6. Chemical stability
7. Administration

Question 18

Identify what property of an ideal drug is being asked

The drug action to subside within an appropriate time?

Answer 18

Reversible action

It is important that the drug effects are reversible.

Question 19

Identify what property of an ideal drug is being asked

The certainty just how a given px should respond?

px - patient

Answer 19

Predictability

Question 20

Identify what property of an ideal drug is being asked

It should be simple to administer. The route should be convenient and the number of doses per day should be low.

Answer 20

Ease of administration

Question 21

Identify what property of an ideal drug is being asked

When the px is taking two or more drugs which can augment or reduce drug response.

Answer 21

Freedom from drug interactions

There should be no interactions between drugs taken by px.

Question 22

Identify what property of an ideal drug is being asked

Should be easy to afford

Answer 22

Low cost

Question 23

Identify what property of an ideal drug is being asked

Some drugs lose effectiveness during storage, others may be stable on shelf but lose effectiveness when put into solution.

Answer 23

Chemical stability

Because of chemical instability, stocks of certain drugs must be periodically discarded

Question 24

Identify what property of an ideal drug is being asked

Dosage size, route and timing of administration are important determinants of drug responses.

Right, dose, right time, right dose.

Answer 24

Administration

Poor px compliance and medication errors by hospital staff can result in major discrepancies

Question 25

What is the most frequent drug administration route in clinical practice? | It is non invasive, less expensive and safest way to deliver drugs

Answer 25

Oral route | PO (per orem) - via mouth

Question 26

# *Identify the administration route* Drugs delivered through this route reach their full strength at the time of administration.

Answer 26

Intravenous route (IV) route | Through px veins

Question 27

# *Identify the administration route* Drugs absorbed through this route are absorbed directly into the capillaries in the muscle and sent into circulation

Answer 27

Intramuscular (IM) route | Through px muscles

Question 28

What sex has a faster Intramuscular drug absorption?

Answer 28

Male

Question 29

# *Identify the administration route* Drug is placed under the tongue where it dissolves. it is administered for local effects. | Faster absorption into the bloodstream than PO but slower than IM and IV

Answer 29

Sublingual route | Under the toungue

Question 30

# *Identify the administration route* Medication held in the mouth against mucous membranes of the cheeck until the drug dissolves. | Should not be chewed, swallowed or placed under the tongue

Answer 30

Buccal route | By cheeks

Question 31

# *Identify the administration route* Medications applied in the skin. | Includes lotion, linaments and ointments

Answer 31

Topical route | On skin

Question 32

What is the science dealing with interactions betwee the chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals?

Answer 32

Pharmacodynamics

Question 33

Explain drug actions, wherein drugs work in one of four ways.

Answer 33

1. to replace or act as a substitute 2. to increase or stimulate certain cellular activities 3. to depress or slow cellular activities 4. to interfere the functioning of foreign cells, such as invading microorganisms or neoplasms (chemotherapeutic drugs)

Question 34

What is the ability of the drug to act at specific areas on cell membranes?

Answer 34

Receptor Sites

Question 35

What is the ability of the drug to cause their effects by interfering with enzymes systems that can act as a catalyst for various chemical reactions?

Answer 35

Drug-Enzyme Interactions

Question 36

What is the ability of a drug to attack only those systems found in foreign cells? It affects an enzyme unique to bacteria causing bacterial cell death without disrupting normal human fnctioning.

Answer 36

Selective toxicity

Question 37

What is the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs?

Answer 37

Pharmacokinetics

Question 38

Enumerate the four major Pharmacokinetic processes.

Answer 38

1. Drug absorption 2. Drug distribution 3. Drug metabolism 4. Drug excretion

Question 39

What is the term used that refers to the amount of drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect? It is considered as the desired dose of the px.

Answer 39

Critical Concentration

Question 40

This is recommended to some drugs that take prolonged period to reach a critical concentration.

Answer 40

Loading dose

Question 41

It is the actual concentration that a drug reaches in the body.

Answer 41

Dynamic equilibrium

Question 42

What are the factors that are involved in Dynamic equilibrium?

Answer 42

1. Absorption from the site of entry. 2. Distribution to active site. 3. Biotransformation (metabolism) in the liver. 4. Excretion from the body.

Question 43

Drugs can be absorbed into cells through various processes: ____________

Answer 43

1. Passive Diffusion 2. Active Transport 3. Filtration

Question 44

What is the major process to which drugs are absorbed into the body? It occurs across a concentration gradient when there is a greater concentration of drug on one side of a cell membrane move to an area of lower concentration.

Answer 44

Passive Diffusion

Question 45

What is the process that uses energy to actively move a molecule across a cell membrane? Often involved in drug excretion in the kidney.

Answer 45

Active Transport

Question 46

What process is commonly used in drug excretion which involves movement through pores in the cell membrane either down a concentration gradient or as a result of the pull of plasma proteins?

Answer 46

Filtration

Question 47

This happens when the drug is taken PO where a large percenage of the oral dose is destroyed at this point and never reaches the tissue.

Answer 47

First Pass Effect

Question 48

A protective system of cellular activity that keeps subtances away from the CNS. Thus, drugs that are not lipid soluble are not able to pass.

Answer 48

Blood Brain Barrier

Question 49

When giving a drug to a breast-feeding mother, the nurse must always check the ability of the drug to pass into the _________.

Answer 49

Breast milk

Question 50

Involves altering the physical and chemical properties of drugs within the body with the help of the enzymes in the liver and lining of the GI tract.

Answer 50

Biotransformation

Question 51

The removal of drug from the body through skin, saliva, lungs, bile, and feces.

Answer 51

Excretion

Question 52

What plays the most important role in drug excretion, where drugs that have been made water soluble in the liver are often readily excreted by this organ?

Answer 52

Kidneys

Question 53

What do you call the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one-half of the peak level it previously achieved?

Answer 53

Half-life

Question 54

What is the term used to describe how a drug or other substance produces an effect in the body?

Answer 54

Mechanism of action

Question 55

It refers to when the medication first begins to take effect.

Answer 55

Onset of medication

Question 56

It refers to the maximum concentration of medication in the body and the client shows evidence of greatest therapeutic effect

Answer 56

Peak

Question 57

It refers to the length of the medication that produces its desired therapeutic effect.

Answer 57

Duration

Question 58

These are **expected/known** undesirable effects of the drug.

Answer 58

Side effects

Question 59

These are **unexpected/unknown** undesirable effects of the drug.

Answer 59

Adverse effects

Question 60

What are the most common side effects of drugs?

Answer 60

1. Nausea 2. Vomiting 3. Diarrhea

Question 61

What is the most common adverse effect of drugs?

Answer 61

Drug allergy

Question 62

It is the desired therapeutic effect.

Answer 62

Primary action

Question 63

It is the primary effect + beneficial or harmful effect.

Answer 63

Secondary action

Question 64

Some pxs have an unusually strong reaction to drugs. | (developed)

Answer 64

Hypersensitivity

Question 65

The body's immune system reacts to a specific drug. | (inborn)

Answer 65

Drug Allergy

Question 66

Enumerate the types of allergies.

Answer 66

1. Anaphylactic Reaction 2. Cytotoxic Reaction 3. Serum Sickness Reaction 4. Delayed Allergic Reaction

Question 67

A severe, immediate allergic reaction that can occur within minutes after exposure to an allergen.

Answer 67

Anaphylactic Reaction

Question 68

Type I allergic reaction.

Answer 68

Anaphylactice Reaction

Question 69

Symptoms can include difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat or tongue, periorbital edema, hives, rapid drop in blood pressure, and potential loss of consciousness. It can be life-threatening if not treated quickly with epinephrine.

Answer 69

Anaphylactic Reaction

Question 70

Also known as Type II hypersensitivity, this reaction involves the destruction of the body’s cells.

Answer 70

Cytotoxic Reaction

Question 71

A type of immune complex hypersensitivity (Type III reaction) that occurs when immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) deposit in tissues.

Answer 71

Serum Sickness Reaction

Question 72

A Type IV hypersensitivity reaction that occurs hours to days after exposure to the allergen.

Answer 72

Delayed Allergic Reaction

Question 73

What drug effect includes rash, hives and stomatitis?

Answer 73

Dermatologic reactions

Question 74

What drug effect includes liver injury, kidney, injury and poisoning?

Answer 74

Toxicity

Question 75

What drug effect includes the destruction of the normal flora that protects the body from invasion of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and etc.?

Answer 75

Superinfections ## Footnote Superinfection is a second infection superimposed on an earlier one, especially by a different microbial agent of exogenous or endogenous origin, that is resistant to the treatment being used against the first infection.

Question 76

What drug effect includes bone marrow suppression?

Answer 76

Blood Dyscrasia

Question 77

Enumerate the Nursing Responsiblities.

Answer 77

1. Administering drugs 2. Assessing drug effects 3. Intervening to make the drug regimen more tolerable 4. Providing px teaching about drugs and the drug regimen 5. Monitoring the overall px care plan to prevent medication errors.

Question 78

What are the different sources of drugs?

Answer 78

1. Plants 2. Animals 3. Inorganic products 4. Synthetic sources

Question 79

It is a plant source used for **sedation**.

Answer 79

Opiates

Question 80

It is a plant source used to **treat cardiac disorders**.

Answer 80

Digitalis products

Question 81

A synthetic version of this plant source allows for an accepted form to achieve the desired **therapeutic effect in cancer patients**.

Answer 81

Marijuana leaf

Question 82

These products are used to replace human chemicals that are not produced because of disease or genetic problems.

Answer 82

Animal products

Question 83

Product from **pancreas of cows and pigs** used as tx for diabetes.

Answer 83

Insulin

Question 84

What is the process of altering the DNA to produce a substance?

Answer 84

Genetic engineering

Question 85

What source includes salts of various elements that can have therapeutic effects in the human body?

Answer 85

Inorganic products

Question 86

What inorganic product is used to **decrease gastric acidity**?

Answer 86

Aluminum

Question 87

What inorganic product is used for **prevention of dental cavities, prevention of osteoporosis**?

Answer 87

Flouride

Question 88

What inorganic product is used as **tx of iron deficiency anemia**?

Answer 88

Iron

Question 89

What inorganic product is used as** tx of rheumatoid arthritis**?

Answer 89

Gold

Question 90

These sources include the use of genetic engineering to alter bacteria to produce chemicals that are therapeutic and effective.

Answer 90

Synthetic sources

Question 91

These sources include altering chemicals with proven therapeutic effectiveness to make it better

Answer 91

Synthetic sources

Question 92

A term used in drug evaluation where chemicals that may have therapeutic value and are tested on animals. 2 purposes: To determine whether they have the presumed effects in living tissue To evaluate any adverse effects the chemical lacks therapeutic activity when used with living animals.

Answer 92

Preclinical trials

Question 93

What phase uses healthy human volunteers to test the drugs  where trials are performed by specially trained clinical investigators?

Answer 93

Phase 1 Studies

Question 94

What phase allows clinical investigators to try the drug in pxs who have the disease that the drug is meant to treat?

Answer 94

Phase 2 Studies

Question 95

prescribers observe px very closely for any adverse effects. prescribers ask pxs to keep journals and record any symptoms they experience. prescribers then evaluate the reported effects to determine whether they are caused by the disease or by the drug. information is collected and shared with the FDA.

Answer 95

Phase 3 Studies