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Immunology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Immunity

A

Actively resist disease

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2
Q

Immunology

A

Study of immunity

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3
Q

Immune system

A

Network of cells, tissues, organs, and the substances they make that helps the body fight infections and other diseases

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4
Q

Physical barrier

A
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5
Q

Chemical barriers

A
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5
Q

Adaptive immune system summary

A
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6
Q

Innate response

A
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7
Q

Innate immunity

A

Relies on recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs)

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8
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
-small, conserved, molecular motifs

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9
Q

PRR classes

A
  1. Toll-like receptors
  2. RIG-like receptors
  3. Nod-like receptors
  4. C-type lectin receptors
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10
Q

Phagocytosis and oxygen dependant killing

A

-Induce production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
-Catalyse oxidation of microbial constituents= microbial killing
-Happens within the phagolysosome

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11
Q

Inflammatory response

A
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12
Q

Antigen presentation

A

-T cell receptors (TCRs) recognise antigens
-Antigens are presented to T cells via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins

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12
Q

Macrophae interaction with S.aureus

A
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13
Q

Classes of T cells

A
  1. Cytotoxic (Tc): releases performing and granzyme (cell lysis)
  2. Helper (Th): releases cytokine (inflammation)
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14
Q

Opsonization

A

Immune process which uses opsonins, eg antibodies, to coat pathogens and other particles, making them easier for phagocytes to eat

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14
Q

Antibody production

A
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15
Q

Complement system

A

Proteins that are recruited by bound Abs to:
1. Directly lyse cells
2. Induce opsonization

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16
Q

Antibody mediated response

A
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17
Q

Primary and secondary antibody response

A
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18
Q

Immunogen

A

substance that induces an immune response

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19
Q

Epitope

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A

Portion of anigen bound by the antibody/TCR
- 4-6 aa
- Antibodies bind nativ epitopes
- TCR bind digested/linear epitopes

20
Q

TCR structure

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A

-Membrane spanning
-alpha chain and a Beta chain
-Variable domain: binds the antigen
-Constant domain

21
Q

MHC1

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A

-Major histocompatibility complex
-On all nucleated cells
- alpha chain encoded by MHC gene region
-Alpha chain embedded in membrane
- Beta chain encoded by non-MHC Beta-2-microglubulin (B2m)

22
MHC II
-On Beta cells, macrophages and dendritic cells (APCs) -Alpha and Beta chain noncovalently linked and embedded in membrane
23
Cytotoxic T cells
-CD8+ cells -Contact induce degranulation -Perforin form pores in target cell -Granzymes enter cell and induce programmed cell death
24
Natural killer cell mechanism
25
Three features of adaptive immune response
-specificity -Memory -Tolerance insert
26
Myeloid precursor
27
Lymphoid precursor
28
Lymphoid precursor
29
Innate immune system
Physical Chemical Inflammatory response cells (innate response)
30
M1 Macrophage
Proinflammatory -Microbial and tumoral -Tissue damage
31
M2 macrophage
-Anti-inflammatory activity -Phagocytosis -Tissue regeneration and repair -Angiogenesis and immunomodulation -Tumor formation and progression
32
Specificty
Immune cells recognise and react with individual molecules via direct molecular interactions
33
Memory
The immune response to a specific antigen is faster and stronger upon subsequent exposure because the initial antigen exposure induced growth and division of antigen-reactive cell, resulting in multiple copies of antigen -reactive cells
34
Tolerance
Immune cells are not able to react with self antigens. Self-reactive cells are destroyed during the development of the immune response
35
IgG
Major circulating antibodies with 4 subclasses -found in: *Extracellular fluid *blood and lymph *crosses placenta
36
IgM
First antibody to appear after immunisation -Strong complement activator -Found in: blood and lymph, monomer is B cell surface receptor
37
IgA
Important circulating antibody and major secretory antibody Found in: Secretions (saliva, blood fluids) Monomer in blood and dimer in secretions
38
IgD
Minor circulating antibody Found in b lymphocyte surfaces
39
IgE
Involved in allergic reactions and parasitic immunity found in: Blood and lymph, Ch4 binds to mast cells ad eosinophils
40
Humural response
B cells binds to antigen -The B cells ingest the antibody and present it on their surface of MHC class II -The antigen binds to to the TCR on helper T cell -This activates the B cell which causes clonal expansion to occur -This causes the b cell to divide rapidly and differentiate into 2 types -Plasma cells produce antibodies that can bind to the antigen -Memory B cells provide long lasting immunity
41
inflammatory response
-Tissue damage and M infection is recognised by immune cells like macrophages -These cells release chemokines and cytokines -This causes inflammation as well as causes more immune cells to go to site of infection
42
inflammation main goals
-Destroy invading M -Induce local blood clotting to reduce spread of infection -repair injured tissue
43
Phagocytosis
-Recognition and adherance (PAMP binds to TLR) -Engulfment (Phagosome) -Fusion of phagosome with lysosome
44
Cell mediated response
-Infected cell presents antigens through its MHC molecules -These become antigen presenting cells (APC) -Cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells recognise abnormal cells through MHC class I and destroy them -Helper (CD4+) T cells recognise MHC class II and activate other immune cells like macrophages and beta cells as well as cytokines -Clonal expansion: Activated Cytoxic T cells from cytokines divide and differentiate into effector T cytotoxic cells (active T killer cell) and memory T cells -effector cytotoxic cells then release enzymes like perforins and granzymes which induce apoptosis
45
**TLR1/2**
Ligand: Triacyl lipoproteins (Gram-positive bacteria) Pathway: MyD88-dependent Activates: NF-κB (Cytokines)
46
TLR2/6
Ligand: Diacyl lipoproteins (Gram-positive bacteria) Pathway: MyD88-dependent Activates: NF-κB (Cytokines)
47
TLR4
Ligand: LPS (Gram-negative bacteria) Pathway: MyD88-dependent (Cytokines) & TRIF-dependent (Interferons) Activates: NF-κB (Cytokines), IRF3 (Interferons)
47
TLR3
Ligand: Double-stranded RNA (Viruses) Pathway: TRIF-dependent Activates: IRF3 (Interferons)
48
TLR5
Ligand: Flagellin (Bacteria) Pathway: MyD88-dependent Activates: NF-κB (Cytokines)
49
TLR7/8
Ligand: Single-stranded RNA (Viruses) Pathway: MyD88-dependent Activates: NF-κB (Cytokines), IRF7 (Interferons)
50
TLR9
Ligand: CpG DNA (Bacteria and viruses) Pathway: MyD88-dependent Activates: NF-κB (Cytokines), IRF7 (Interferons)

Immunology (7 decks)

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