introduction

Question 1

main groups of macromolecules

Answer 1

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acid

Question 2

classes of carbohydrates

Answer 2

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

Question 3

serves as fuel
simple sugar
have 3 to 7 carbon skeleton

Answer 3

monosaccharide

Question 4

2 classification of monosaccharides

Answer 4

aldose and ketose

Question 5

aldehyde sugars

Answer 5

aldoses

Question 6

ketone sugars

Answer 6

ketoses

Question 7

3 carbon simple sugar

Answer 7

trioses

Question 8

transfer the phosphate group from atp to glucose , also traps the sugar in the cell

Answer 8

hexokinase

Question 9

glucose 6 phosphate is to converted to fructose 6 phosphate

Answer 9

phosphogluco-isomerase

Question 10

transfer a phosphate group from ATP to the opposite end of the sugar, investing a second molecule of ATP. this is a key step for regulation of glycolysis

Answer 10

phospo-fructokinase

Question 11

cleaves the sugar molecule into two different three-carbon sugars

Answer 11

adolase

Question 12

conversion between DHAP and G3P. this reaction never reaches equilibrium: G3P is used in the next step as fast as it forms

Answer 12

isomerase

Question 13

2 sequential reactions:
1. G3P is oxidize by the transfer of electrons to NAD+ forming NADH

2. using energy from this exergonic redox reaction, a phosphate group is substrate, making a high energy product

Answer 13

triose phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 14

the phosphate group transferred to ADP in an exergonic reaction the carbonyl group of G3P has been oxidized to the carboxyl group.

Answer 14

phospho-glycerokinase

Question 15

this enzyme relocates the remaining phosphate group

Answer 15

phospho-glyceromutase

Question 16

causes a double bond to form in the substrate by extracting a water molecule, yielding phosphoenolpyrovate (PEP) high potential energy compound

Answer 16

enolase

Question 17

the phosphate group is transferred from PEP to ADP

Answer 17

pyruvate-kinase

also form a pyruvate

Question 18

six carbon sugars, the most common of all is carbohydrates.

Answer 18

hexoses

Question 18

four -carbon sugars , an intermediate in the hexose monophosphate shunt for oxidation of glucose.

Answer 18

tetroses

Question 18

five-carbon sugar molecules. the most important of these are ribose and deoxyribose

Answer 18

pentoses

Question 19

blood cannot hold anymore sugar

Answer 19

glycosuria

Question 20

grape sugar

Answer 20

dextrose

Question 21

how much mg of glucose the blood usually contains

Answer 21

80-120mg/100mL

Question 22

a diseases occurs when the concentration of glucose reaches as level about of 160mg/100mL ,

Answer 22

diabetes

Question 23

type 1 diabetes

Answer 23

in born, insulin is not produce by pancreas

Question 24

type 2 diabetes

Answer 24

insulin resistance, the cell doesn't respond to insulin

Question 25

common hexoses

Answer 25

glucose fructose galactose

Question 26

found in many plants, the sweetest of all sugar

Answer 26

fructose

Question 27

also known as the brain sugar. produce by hydrolysis of lactose in the digestive tract

Answer 27

galactose

Question 28

double sugar, energy source

Answer 28

disaccharides

Question 29

disaccharides form when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides, this covalent bond known as what?

Answer 29

glycosidic linkage

Question 30

disaccharides example

Answer 30

maltose sucrose lactose

Question 31

malt sugar

Answer 31

maltose

Question 32

table sugar, the most common disaccharide.

Answer 32

sucrose

Question 33

milk sugar

Answer 33

lactose

Question 33

many sugar, larger form of sugar, serves as storage areas and structural or building materials, tend to be amorphous means no definite shape.

Answer 33

polysaccharide

Question 34

when all the monosaccharide in a polysaccharide are the same type the polysaccharide example starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Answer 34

homopolysaccharide

Question 35

when more than one type of monosaccharide is present like: agar hyaluronic acid heparin

Answer 35

heteropolysaccharide

Question 36

2 types of polysaccharide

Answer 36

storage polysaccharide structural polysaccharide

Question 37

starch, bonded by alpha linkages. made up of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin

Answer 37

storage polysaccharide

Question 38

a polysaccharide that is mostly found in animals. stored in liver used up rapidly in emotional reactions

Answer 38

glycogen, ( storage polysaccharide)

Question 39

structural polysaccharide

Answer 39

cellulose chitin peptidoglycan

Question 40

class of substances prepared by the incomplete hydrolysis of starch.

Answer 40

dextrin

Question 41

used as blood anticoagulant, strongest organic acid in the body.

Answer 41

heparin

Question 42

used as a blood extenders to hold water, used in managing and treating various clinical conditions like ophthalmic relief of xerophthalmia

Answer 42

dextran

Question 43

prepared from seaweeds dissolved in water at 100 degrees C. in become a gel when it cool.

Answer 43

Agar

Question 44

present and connective tissues, tendons and synovial fluids. serves as a lubricant in joint activities.

Answer 44

hyaluronic acid

Question 45

synthesis of ribosomes

Answer 45

nucleolus

Question 46

separates nucleus from cytoplasm

Answer 46

nuclear envelope

Question 47

allow passage of materials between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.

Answer 47

nuclear pores

Question 48

present in animal and plant cell. complex network of transport channels.

Answer 48

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 49

modifies, transport and stores proteins produced by the attached ribosomes.

Answer 49

Rough ER

Question 50

synthesizes, transport, and stores lipids. metabolizes carbohydrates forms a vesicles and peroxisomes

Answer 50

smooth ER

Question 51

site of protein synthesis

Answer 51

ribosomes

Question 52

modifies, packages and stores and transport materials outside the cell

Answer 52

golgi apparatus

Question 53

help in food digestion or helping the cell maintain its water balance. break up old damage cell structure.

Answer 53

vacuoles

Question 54

help digest food, recycling center

Answer 54

lysosome

Question 55

play a role in cell division, build cilia and flagella

Answer 55

centrosome

Question 56

maintains cell shape, structural support, facilitates movement

Answer 56

cytoskeleton

Question 57

physical barrier, regulates movements of materials, cell communication.

Answer 57

plasma membrane

Question 58

composed of cytosol and organelles responsible for many cellular processes

Answer 58

cytoplasm

Question 59

protection, maintain rigid structure

Answer 59

cell wall

Question 60

when the partially digested food reach the stomach, the gastric acid will _______ or_________ the action of salivary amylase

Answer 60

inhibit or disable

Question 61

transporter present in RBC brain, kidney, colon, retina, plancenta.

Answer 61

GluT1 glucose uptake in most cells

Question 62

transporter present in intestine, liver and pancreas

Answer 62

GluT2 glucose uptake in liver

Question 63

transporter present in neurons and brain

Answer 63

GluT3 glucose in brain

Question 64

transporter present in muscle and adipose tissue

Answer 64

GluT4 insulin mediate uptake

Question 65

transporter present in small intestine testis, sperm, kidney

Answer 65

GluT5 fructose transporter

Question 66

endoplasmic reticulum of liver

Answer 66

GluT7 glucose from ER to cytoplasm

Question 67

intestine and kidney

Answer 67

SGluT transport rom lumen to cell

Question 68

metabolic pathways

Answer 68

Aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration gluconeogenesis glycogenesis glycogenolysis

Question 69

defined as complex process in which food molecules or organic are broken down. making of ATP.

Answer 69

Cellular respiration

Question 70

uses oxygen

Answer 70

aerobic

Question 71

no oxygen needed

Answer 71

anaerobic

Question 72

process in which ATP is produce in presence of oxygen

Answer 72

aerobic respiration

Question 73

major stages of aerobic respiration

Answer 73

glycolysis pyruvate oxidation citric acid cycle electron transport and chemiosmosis

Question 74

called glycolytic pathway or embeden meyerhoff pathway

Answer 74

glycolysis

Question 75

link of transition reaction location of reaction: mitochondria of the cell produce from glycolysis ins degraded and combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A.

Answer 75

pyruvate oxidation

Question 76

Glycolysis glucose + 2NAD + 2P is equals to?

Answer 76

2 pyruvate + 2NAHD + 2H + 2ATP +2H2O

Question 77

formation of acetyl CoA 2pyruvate + 2CoA +2NAD equals to?

Answer 77

2 acetyl CoA + 2CO2 + 2NADH + 2H

Question 78

Krebs cycle, or the tricarboxylic acid cycle includes 8 reactions acetyl CoA produce from stage 2 link reaction is broken down into coenzyme A and acetate group then combines with oxaloacetate group to produce carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH, and FADH

Answer 78

citric acid cycle

Question 79

location of reaction folds of inner membrane. little energy is produce during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. most of the energy LOCKED in the original glucose molecule will be released by the ______?

Answer 79

electron transport and chemiosmosis

Question 80

network of electron carrying proteins embedded in the membrane of the mitochondria.

Answer 80

electron transport chain

Question 81

diffusion of ions through selective permeable membrane

Answer 81

chemiosmosis

Question 82

process when sugar and similar substance from food are broken down to release energy. no oxygen required

Answer 82

anaerobic respiration

Question 83

it occurs in the cytoplasm of the cells. total ATP yield is less tan for aerobic respiration.

Answer 83

anaerobic respiration

Question 84

conversion of glucose to glycogen. store molecules to use later.

Answer 84

glycogenesis

Question 85

conversion of glycogen to glucose

Answer 85

glycogenolysis

Question 86

synthesis of glucose from other materials other than carbohydrates

Answer 86

gluconeogenesis

Question 87

breaks down the polysaccharides

Answer 87

amytase