INTRODUCTION

Question 1

• Study of the biological effects of the
  chemicals.
• Focus on how chemicals act on living
  organism.

Answer 1

pharmacology

Question 2

sources of drugs

Answer 2

natural
synthetic

Question 3

types of natural drugs

Answer 3

plants
animal products
inorganic compounds

Question 4

Leaves of EUCALYPTUS give oil of
EUCALYPTUS, which is important of

Answer 4

cough syrup

Question 5

ATROPA BELLADONNA gives ATROPINE
which is

Answer 5

anticholinergic (block action of acetylcholine)

Question 6

POPPY PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM gives

Answer 6

morphine

Question 7

SENNA POD gives ANTHRACINE, which is
a

Answer 7

purgative (constipation)

Question 8

CALABAR BEANS give PHYSOSTIGMINE ,
which is

Answer 8

cholinomimetic agent (for PNS stimulation)

Question 9

Seeds of NUX VOMICA give
STRYCHNINE, which is

Answer 9

CNS stimulant

Question 10

IPECACUANHA ROOT gives EMETINE,
used to induce

Answer 10

vomiting in accidental poisoning

Question 11

RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA gives
RESERPINE, a

Answer 11

hypotensive agent

Question 12

CINCHONA BARK gives QUINNE AND
QUINIDINE, which are

Answer 12

antimalarial drugs

Question 13

HYOSCYAMUS NIGER gives HYOSCINE ,
which is

Answer 13

anticholinergic

Question 14

CHONDRODENDRON TOMENTOSUM
gives TUBOQURARINE, which is

Answer 14

skeletal muscle relaxant used in general anesthesia

Question 15

is used as a source of vitamin A
and D

Answer 15

cod liver

Question 16

suspensions of killed, modified, or
attenuated microorganisms

Answer 16

vaccines

Question 17

• Antacid to decrease gastric acidity
• Management of hyperphosphatemia
• Prevention of the formation of phosphate urinary stones

Answer 17

aluminum

Question 18

Prevention of dental caries

Answer 18

fluorine as fluoride

Question 19

Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 19

gold salts

Question 20

Treatment of iron deficiency anemia

Answer 20

iron

Question 21

emetine bismuth iodide

Answer 21

treatment of amoebic dysentry (Dysentery is a gastrointestinal disease. Its causes include bacterial or parasitic infections.)

Question 22

Test on laboratory animals
(a) to determine whether they have the
presumed effects in living tissue
(b) to evaluate any adverse effects

Answer 22

pre-clinical trials

Question 23

• Test on healthy human volunteers (healthy young men)
• Are tightly controlled that pre-clinical trials and are performed by specially trained clinical investigators ; look for adverse effects and toxicity

Answer 23

phase 1

Question 24

anti-hypertensive
drug was __ found to be effective in
treating malignant hypertension, but it
causes unusual hair growth on the
palms and other body areas

Answer 24

minoxidil

Question 25

* Trials with people who have the disease which drug is thought to be effective * Patients are told about the possible benefit about the drug and are invited to participate in the study

Answer 25

phase 2

Question 26

* Use drug in vast clinical market for surveillance of drug’s therapeutic effects * Prescribers are informed of all the known reactions to the drug and precautions required for its safe use

Answer 26

phase 3

Question 27

FDA continually evaluates drugs in the market * Prescribers are obligated to report to the FDA any untoward or unexpected adverse effects associated with the drugs they are using * The FDA continually evaluates this information

Answer 27

phase 4

Question 28

regulates the development and sale of drugs

Answer 28

FDA

Question 29

the drug __ (sulfanilamide) was distributed in a vehicle of Ethelyn Glycol which was toxic to humans

Answer 29

ELIXIR

Question 30

the drug __, sleeping aid by pregnant women, many babies were born with limp deformities

Answer 30

THALOMID

Question 31

Adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy, and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters. levothyroxine, folic acid, magnesium sulfate

Answer 31

category A

Question 32

Animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women, or animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy, and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters. * Metformin, hydrochlorothiazide, cyclobenzaprine, amoxicillin

Answer 32

category B

Question 33

* Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus but there are no adequate studies in humans; the benefits from the use of the drug in pregnant women may be acceptable despite its potential risks, or there are no animal reproduction studies and no adequate studies in humans. * tramadol, gabapentin, amlodipine, prednisone

Answer 33

category C

Question 34

There is evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from the use of the drug in pregnant women may be acceptable despite its potential risks. * Lisinopril, alprazolam, losartan, clonazepam

Answer 34

category D

Question 35

* Studies in animals or humans demonstrate fetal abnormalities or adverse reaction; reports indicate evidence of fetal risk. The risk of use in a pregnant woman clearly outweighs any possible benefit. * Atorvastatin, simvastatin, warfarin, methotrexate

Answer 35

category X

Question 36

responsible for the enforcement of these regulations (controlled substances

Answer 36

DEA (drug enforcement agency)

Question 37

are chemicals that are produced by companies involved solely in the manufacturing of drugs because they don’t have the research, advertising or sometimes the quality control departments that pharmaceutical companies have

Answer 37

generic drugs

Question 38

useful in treating a rare disease or they may have potentially dangerous adverse effects

Answer 38

orphan drugs

Question 39

How the drugs affect the body * Study of drug mechanisms that produce biochemical or physiologic changes in the body. * Science dealing with interactions between the chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals including drugs that enter those systems

Answer 39

pharmacodynamics

Question 40

Interaction at the cellular level between a drug and cellular components

Answer 40

drug action

Question 41

Reacts with certain chemicals to cause an effect within the cell

Answer 41

agonist

Question 42

Reacts with receptor sites but block normal stimulation producing no effect

Answer 42

competitive antagonist

Question 43

Reacts with specific receptor sites on a cell and , by reacting there, prevent the reaction of another chemical with a different receptor site on that cell

Answer 43

noncompetitive antagonist