Anatomy is the study of
Structure of the body, either regionally or sytematically
Anatomy came from a Greek word which means
“To cut open”
History
First documented by the
Egyptians ~1600BC
TRUE OR FALSE
Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed organs including blood vessels
True
Father of Anatomy
Hippocrates
Hippocrates’ Beliefs
- Sickness was not a divine punishment
- Medicine should be ethical (Hippocratic oath)
- Patient confidentiality
This act provided adequate supply of corpses
Anatomy Act of 1832
These are popular terms
Eponyms
Refers to the body and the position of its parts in the erect upright position facing the observer
Anatomical position
Vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body from the head to the feet that divides the body into left and right symmetrical HALVES or mirror images
Median, median sagittal or midsagittal plane
Imaginary vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane
Parasagittal or lateral planes
Divides the body into UNEQUAL L and R sides
Parasagittal or lateral planes
Any of the imaginary vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane
Coronal or frontal plane
Divides body into anterior and posterior
Coronal or frontal plane
Passing through the body at right angles to both median and coronal planes
Transverse, horizontal, axial or cross-sectional plane
Plane that divides the body at non-right angle to any of the previous planes
Oblique plane
Nearer to surface
Superficial
Between a superficial and a deep structure
Intermedite
Farther from surface
Deep
Nearer to midline
Medial
Farther from midline
Lateral
Nearer the front
Anterior
Nearer the back
Posterior
Nearer the head
Superior or cranial
Nearer the foot
Inferior or caudal
Nearer the root of the arm or leg
Proximal
Farther from the root of the arm or leg
Distal
Toward or nearer the anterior surface or palm of the hand
Palmar
Toward or nearer the posterior surface or dorsum of the hand
Dorsal
Toward or nearer the superior surface or dorsum of the foot
Dorsal
Toward or nearer the inferior surface or sole of the foot
Plantar
Turning away from midline
Lateral rotation
Turning toward midline
Medial rotation
Towards midline
Adduction
Away from midline
Abduction
Palms up
Supination
Palms down
Pronation
Sole facing laterally
Eversion
Sole facing medially
Inversion
Provides knowledge of what lies under the skin and what structures a re perceptible to touch
Surface anatomy
The clinical application of surface anatomy
Physical examination
Modified hinge type of synovial joint allows the following movement
Close and open mouth
Protrude and retrude chin
Grinding and chewing
Temporomandibular joint
A bulge beyond the adjacent surface
Protuberance
Area of the face overlying the orbit and eyeball
Orbital region
Fold of the skin that covers the medial angle of the eye
Epicanthal fold
Depressions superior and inferior to the eyelids
Suprapalpebral sulci
Infapalpebral sulci
Located below the orbit and lateral to the nose in each side
Infraorbital region
Form the prominences of the cheek
Zygomatic region
Produced by the meeting of the laminae of thyroid cartilage in the anterior midline
Laryngeal prominence
Site for needle coniotomy or cricothyrotomy
Cricothyroid ligament
4 smaller triangles on the anterior cervical region
Submental tr
Submandibular tr
Carotid tr
Muscular tr
Plane of the face
Coronal or frontal plane
The neck is divided into 5 regions
Sternocleidomastoid Region Anterior Cervical Region Lateral Cervical Region Posterior Cervical Region Suboccipital Region
Lateral Cervical Region or Posterior Triangle of the Neck is divided into 2 triangles which are the
Occipital triangle
Omoclavicular triangle
This region is posterior to the anterior borders of the Trapezius muscle
Trapezius defines this regionregiu
Posterior cervical region of the neck
Most prominent surface feature of the anterior thoracic wall
Breast
T or F:
Nipple lies in the 4th ICS in men and young nulliparous women
True
Attaches to the clavicle and sternum and superior 6 costal cartilages
Pectoralis Major Muscle
Attaches to the lateral parts of the 1st to 8th ribs helps elevate the ribs to expand the thoracic cavity when inspiration is deep and forceful
Serratus Anterior Muscle
Collar bones
Clavicle
Large, visible dip where the clavicles join the sternum
Suprasternal or Jugular Notch
Sternal angle is also known as
Manubriosternal Joint or the Angle of Louis
Medial margin formed by the costal cartilages of the seventh rib to the tenth rib
Costal margin
Formed by the converging costal margins and used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Infrasternal or subcostal Angle
T or F:
1st rib is not palpable, count starts with the 2nd rib
True
Where is the point of maximum impulse in the heart?
Apex beat 4th or 5th ICS, Left MCL, 6-10 cm from AML
Lies behind the right half of the sternum, opposite the 4th ICS;
Best heard: over the right half of the lower end of the body of the sternum
Tricuspid Valve
Behind the left half of the sternum, opposite the 4th costal cartilage
Best heard: Apex Bea
Mitral Valve
Lies behind the medial end of the 3rd left costal cartilage
Best heard: over the medial end of the 2nd left ICS
Pulmonary Valve
Lies behind the left half of the sternum, opposite the 3rd ICS
Best heard: over the medial end of the 2nd right ICS
Aortic Valve
Has no spinous process
C1
Spinous process is the first bony point that can be felt
C2
Its most distinctive characteristic os the existence of a long and prominent spinous process
C7
C7 Spinous process is usually evident superficially and when standing erect this is the only spinous process visible thus it is called
Vertebra prominens
Provides an estimate on the position of the inferior end of the spinal cord
L2
Spinal needle is inserted between
L3 and L4
Outlines the sacrum and common area of pain from low back sprains
Sacral triangle
