Introduction

Question 1

Study of the structure of vertebrates

Answer 1

descriptive morphology

Question 2

Functional significance of the structure

Answer 2

functional morphology

Question 3

Two categories

Answer 3

1. Invertebrates
2. Vertebrates

Question 4

Protochordates

Answer 4

transitional between invertebrates and vertebrates

Question 5

The Big Four

Answer 5

1. Pharyngeal slits
2. Dorsal nerve cord
3. Notochord
4. Post-anal tail

Question 6

Openings that connect the inside of the throat to the outside of the neck

Answer 6

pharyngeal slits

Question 7

Bundle of nerve fibers which runs down the back, connects the brain wit the lateral muscles and other organ

Answer 7

dorsal nerve cord

Question 9

cartilaginous rod running underneath, supporting the nerve cord

Answer 9

notochord

Question 10

extension of the body past the anal opening

Answer 10

post-anal tail

Question 11

Phylum chordata

Answer 11

animal that have notochord at least in the embryo stage

Question 12

Chordates with a neurocranium (brain case)

Answer 12

SP Craniata

Question 13

Craniates without vertebrae

Answer 13

hagfish

Question 14

Craniates with vertebrae

Answer 14

vertebrata

Question 15

Three regional components

Answer 15

Head, Trunk, Tail

Question 16

Head- Special ___ organs
- brain ( ___ and ___ essential information)
- where the ___ are located
- in fishes- _____ for ___ can be found

Answer 16

sense; receive and process; jaws; gills for respiration

Question 17

Trunk- ___ (house most of the ___)
- ___ and ___ appendages
- neck
- ____- surrounds the coelom

Answer 17

coelom, viscera; pectoral, pelvic; body wall

Question 18

Tail- commences at ___ or ___ (post-anal)
- ____ continuation of the body wall muscles, ___ skeleton, nerves and blood vessel

Answer 18

anus, vent; caudal, axial

Question 19

Three principal body axes

Answer 19

1. Longitudinal axis
2. Dorsoventral axis
3. Left-right axis (bilateral symmetry)

Question 20

Three principal anatomic planes

Answer 20

1. Transverse plane
2. Frontal plane
3. Sagittal plane

Question 21

Craniate characteristic

Answer 21

• cranium
• three-part brain
• neural crest and its derivatives
• paired external sensory organs
• cartilage

Question 22

Vertebrate Characteristics

Answer 22

• Vertebral column
• Two semicircular canal
• electroreception
• Lateral line system
• Multicellular neuromast
• soft tissue specialization

Question 23

Structure common to craniate and vertebrates

Answer 23

1. Notochord
2. Pharynx
3. Dorsal hollow nervous system

Question 24

Rod of living cells ventral to cns and dorsal to alimentary canal

Answer 24

Notochord

Question 25

Fate of the notochord - Protochordates - Fishes and amphibians - Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

Answer 25

- protochordates: remains as chief axial skeleton - Fishes and amphibians: persists through trunk and tail; constricted by centrum of each vertebra - Reptiles, birds, mammals: almost disappear completely (remain as pulpy nucleus)

Question 26

Alimentary canal with pharyngeal pouches in embryo

Answer 26

pharynx

Question 27

Fate of pharynx:

Answer 27

- gills of fishes - lungs of tetrapods - skeleton and musculature of jaws - endocrine glands

Question 28

Fate of dorsal hollow nervous system

Answer 28

- Brain - Spinal cord - PNS- nerves associated ganglia and plexuses - Cranial and spinal nerves that connect CNS with various organs

Question 29

Other Craniate characteristics

Answer 29

Integument, Respiratory, Coelom, Digestive, Urogenital, Circulatory, Skeletal, Muscular, Sense

Question 30

A. Integument 1. Epidermis- multilayered - terrestrial craniates- ___ ____ - surface layer of ___ ___ to prevent ___ upon exposure to air

Answer 30

multilayered; cornified appendages; dead cells; dehydration

Question 31

A. Integument 2. Dermis- ___ ___ tissue - five functions

Answer 31

dense fibrous; defensive, lubricatory, nutritive, horomonal, pheromonal maintaining glands

Question 32

B. Respiratory mechanism - ___ respiration (exchange of respiratory gases between the animal and the environment) - example

Answer 32

external; gills, lungs, skin, oral, and pharyngeal activities

Question 33

C. Coelom- the ___ that separates the ___ and __ 1. fishes, anmphibians, and non amnion reptiles

Answer 33

cavity, body wall and gut; a. pericardial cavity; heart b. pleuroperitoneal cavity- visceral organs

Question 34

C. Coelom transverse septum

Answer 34

separates the pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavity

Question 35

C. Coelom 2. reptiles and mammals

Answer 35

a. pericardial cavity- heart b. pleural cavity- lungs c. abdominal cavity (peritoneal cavity)- digestive tract caudad to esophagus d. scrotal cavity- testes

Question 36

C. Coelom - peritoneal membrane - retroperitoneal organ

Answer 36

encloses the coelom; kidney

Question 37

D. Digestive system 1. digestive 2. accessory organs

Answer 37

1. acquisition, processing, temporary storage, digestion and absorption of food 2. liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

Question 38

E. Urogenital organs - involves the ___ and ___ systems 1. Reproductive organs 2. Kidneys

Answer 38

excretory and reproductive; 1. gonads, ducts, accessory organs, storage chambers, and copulatory mechanism 2. function on excretion and osmoregulation; eliminating water, maintaining electrolyte balance

Question 39

F. Circulatory system

Answer 39

a. blood vascular system b. lymphatic system

Question 40

G. Skeleton - c___, b___, l___ - 3 functions

Answer 40

cartilage, bone, ligaments; gives body shape, protects vital organs, provide site for attachment of locomotor and muscles

Question 41

G. Skeleton 1. axial skeleton 2. pharyngeal skeleton 3. appendicular skeleton

Answer 41

1. skull and vertebral column 2. support gills 3. anterior and posterior limbs

Question 42

H. Muscular system 1. smooth muscles

Answer 42

- spindle-shaped ells, single nucleus - no striations - double innervation - blood vessels, wall of digestive tract - movement of substance in lumens of body

Question 43

H. muscle 2. skeletal muscle

Answer 43

- cylindrical shape, multiple nuclei (syncitial) -striation cells - singe innervation by motor nerve - voluntary movement of body

Question 44

H. muscles 3. cardiac muscles

Answer 44

- cylindrical shape, single nucleus - branching striated - double innervation - walls of the heart - pumping of blood

Question 45

I. sense organs- concentrated ___ on the head that monitor ___ and ___ environment

Answer 45

anteriorly; external and internal

Question 46

I. Sense organs 1. Exteroceptors

Answer 46

monitor external environment a. mechanoreceptor b. chemoreceptor c. electroreceptor d. thermoreceptor e. receptors for radiation