INTRODUCTION

Question 1

_ refers to the process of collecting, storing, organizing, and sharing information in a way that makes it accessible, useful, and secure. It involves handling data and information from various sources, ensuring it is accurate, easy to retrieve, and protected from unauthorized access or loss. Good_ helps businesses make better decisions, stay compliant with regulations, and improve efficiency by ensuring that the right information is available to the right people when they need it.

Answer 1

Information Management

Question 2

Gathering information from multiple sources, such as internal databases, external systems, or manual input.

Answer 2

Data Collection

Question 3

Structuring and categorizing information so it can be easily found. This might include creating taxonomies, tags, or databases.

Answer 3

Organization

Question 4

Choosing how and where information will be stored. This could be physical _(e.g., paper records) or digital storage (e.g., cloud systems, databases).

Answer 4

Storage

Question 5

Ensuring that authorized individuals can easily retrieve the information they need. This involves creating efficient search systems and using appropriate indexing techniques.

Answer 5

Access and Retrieval

Question 6

Safeguarding sensitive information and ensuring compliance with relevant laws and regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).

Answer 6

Security and Compliance

Question 7

Facilitating effective sharing of information among teams, departments, or stakeholders in a timely and secure manner.

Answer 7

Communication

Question 8

Raw facts and figures without context

Answer 8

DATA

Question 9

Data that is processed, organized, and meaningful

Answer 9

INFORMATION

Question 10

A _ is an organized collection of data that is stored and accessed electronically, typically in a digital format. It allows for efficient storage, retrieval, management, and manipulation of data. _are structured in a way that makes it easy to store large amounts of information and retrieve it quickly using queries.

Answer 10

Database

Question 11

are software tools used to create, manage, and interact with databases.
Different types of _exist based on how data is organized and how users interact with it.

Answer 11

Database Management Systems (DBMS)

Question 12

Data is organized into tables (rows and columns), and relationships are established using keys.

Answer 12

Relational DBMS (RDBMS)

Question 13

Examples OF Relational DBMS (RDBMS)

Answer 13

MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQL Server

Question 14

Uses Structured Query Language (SQL) for data manipulation.
Data is highly structured, making it easy to query and join tables.
Ideal for transactional applications, such as banking systems.

Answer 14

KEY FEATURES OF RDBMS

Question 15

More flexible than relational databases; data can be stored in various formats such as key-value pairs, documents, graphs, or wide-columns.

Answer 15

NoSQL DBMS Structure

Question 16

Examples OF NoSQL DBMS

Answer 16

MongoDB (document-based), Cassandra (wide-column), Redis (key-value), Neo4j (graph-based)

Question 17

Designed for handling large volumes of unstructured or semi-structured data.
Suitable for big data applications, real-time web apps, and scalable systems.
Typically doesn’t require fixed schemas or relationships like relational databases.

Answer 17

Key Features OF NoSQL DBMS

Question 18

Data is stored as objects, similar to how data is represented in object-oriented programming (OOP).

Answer 18

Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS) Structure

Question 19

Examples OF Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS)

Answer 19

db4o, ObjectDB.

Question 20

Data is stored in a hierarchy, resembling parent-child relationships.
Suitable for applications with a clear, predefined structure, like telecom or banking systems.
Less flexible than relational models and can be harder to scale.

Answer 20

Key Features OF Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS)

Question 21

Data is organized in a tree-like structure, where each record has a single parent and can have multiple children.

Answer 21

Hierarchical DBMS Structure

Question 22

Examples OF Hierarchical DBMS

Answer 22

IBM’s Information Management System (IMS).

Question 23

Data is stored in a hierarchy, resembling parent-child relationships.
Suitable for applications with a clear, predefined structure, like telecom or banking systems.
Less flexible than relational models and can be harder to scale.

Answer 23

Key Features OF Hierarchical DBMS

Question 24

Similar to hierarchical DBMS, but allows more complex relationships with multiple parent-child connections (many-to-many relationships).

Answer 24

Network DBMS Structure

Question 25

Examples OF Network DBMS

Answer 25

Integrated Data Store (IDS), TurboIMAGE.

Question 26

Uses a graph-like structure where records can have multiple relationships. Better for complex relationships compared to hierarchical models, but still rigid compared to relational databases.

Answer 26

Key Features OF Network DBMS

Question 27

A modern take on relational databases designed to handle the scalability of NoSQL while retaining SQL features.

Answer 27

NewSQL DBMS Structure

Question 28

Examples OF NewSQL DBMS

Answer 28

Google Spanner, NuoDB, CockroachDB

Question 29

Designed to offer the same ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) as RDBMS, but with higher scalability and performance. Suitable for cloud applications and large-scale, distributed systems.

Answer 29

Key Features OF NewSQL DBMS

Question 30

Data is stored in columns rather than rows, which can be more efficient for certain types of queries.

Answer 30

Columnar DBMS Structure

Question 31

Examples OF Columnar DBMS

Answer 31

Apache Cassandra, HBase.

Question 32

Optimized for read-heavy workloads and analytical queries. Well-suited for data warehousing and business intelligence tasks where queries often involve aggregating data over large volumes.

Answer 32

Key Features OF Columnar DBMS

Question 33

Stores data primarily in RAM rather than on disk for faster access and processing.

Answer 33

In-Memory DBMS Structure

Question 34

Examples OF In-Memory DBMS

Answer 34

Redis, Memcached, SAP HANA

Question 35

Extremely fast read and write operations due to memory-based storage. Typically used for real-time applications, caching, and performance-critical systems.

Answer 35

Key Features OF In-Memory DBMS

Question 36

A _ is a type of database management system that organizes data into structured tables with rows and columns, following a relational model. It allows for the storage, retrieval, and management of data efficiently by defining relationships between tables using keys (primary, foreign, etc.).

Answer 36

Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

Question 37

Data is stored in tables (also called relations), which are made up of rows (records) and columns (attributes or fields). Each _ represents an entity (e.g., Customers, Orders) and each column represents a property or attribute of that entity (e.g., Customer ID, Order Date).

Answer 37

Tables (Relations)

Question 38

_ is the standard language used to interact with an RDBMS. It is used to query, insert, update, and delete data. _ commands include operations like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, which allow you to manage the data.

Answer 38

SQL (Structured Query Language)

Question 39

Data Integrity

Answer 39

ACID Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability

Question 40

Properties ensure reliable transactions in an RDBMS

Answer 40

ACID

Question 41

A transaction is all-or-nothing.

Answer 41

Atomicity

Question 42

The database remains in a valid state before and after the transaction.

Answer 42

Consistency

Question 43

Transactions do not interfere with each other.

Answer 43

Isolation

Question 44

Once committed, the transaction's effects are permanent.

Answer 44

Durability

Question 45

Relationships

Answer 45

One-to-One One-to-Many Many-to-Many

Question 46

Each record in one table is linked to exactly one record in another.

Answer 46

One-to-One

Question 47

One record in a table is related to multiple records in another table (e.g., one Customer can have multiple Orders).

Answer 47

One-to-Many

Question 48

Multiple records in one table are related to multiple records in another (e.g., Students and Courses).

Answer 48

Many-to-ManY

Question 49

The process of organizing data to reduce redundancy and dependency by dividing large tables into smaller, more manageable ones. Helps improve data integrity and efficiency, avoiding data anomalies during operations like updates or deletions.

Answer 49

NormalizatioN

Question 50

An _ improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a table. It acts like a lookup table to quickly find rows based on specific columns. Commonly used on columns that are frequently queried or used in joins.

Answer 50

Indexes

Question 51

Advantages of RDBMS

Answer 51

Structured Data Management Data Integrity Flexibility with Queries Scalability

Question 52

RDBMS excels in managing structured data with clear relationships.

Answer 52

Structured Data Management

Question 53

ACID properties ensure reliability and consistency of data during operations.

Answer 53

Data Integrity

Question 54

Complex queries can be easily run using SQL, which supports filtering, sorting, joining, and aggregating data across tables.

Answer 54

Flexibility with Queries

Question 55

RDBMS systems can scale for large applications, though scaling horizontally (across servers) may be more challenging compared to NoSQL

Answer 55

Scalability

Question 56

Disadvantages of RDBMS

Answer 56

Performance Overheads Rigid Schema Not Ideal for Unstructured Data

Question 57

As databases grow in size, complex queries and joins can slow down performance.

Answer 57

Performance Overhead

Question 58

Schema changes can be difficult, especially in large, mature databases.

Answer 58

Rigid Schema

Question 59

RDBMS is best suited for structured data; handling unstructured data (e.g., images, text) can be cumbersome

Answer 59

Not Ideal for Unstructured Data