Introduction

Question 1

In the machine cycle, this retrieves instruction from memory and increment the program counter.

Answer 1

fetch

Question 2

In the machine cycle, it decodes the bit pattern in the instruction register.

Answer 2

decode

Question 3

In the machine cycle, it performs the instruction in the instruction register.

Answer 3

Execute

Question 4

Each instruction is stored in memory as?

Answer 4

bunch of bits

Question 5

Who decodes the bits to determine what should happen

Answer 5

CPU

Question 6

Instructions are from a language called?

Answer 6

machine language

Question 7

This is an executable program which is a sequence of these simple instructions. The sequence is stored in memory.

Answer 7

machine code

Question 8

In machine code, the cpu processes the simple instructions —–. Some instructions can tell the CPU to jump to a new place in memory to get the next instruction

Answer 8

sequentially

Question 9

The computer can only understand the bits (the encoded program) through what language?

Answer 9

Machine Language

Question 10

This language is a developed English-like abbreviations for programs

Answer 10

Assembly Language

Question 11

This language is what the computer actually sees and deals with. Every command the computer sees is given as a number or sequence of numbers

Answer 11

machine language

Question 12

this language is the same as machine language, except the command numbers have been replaced by letter sequences, which are easier to memorize.

Answer 12

assembly language

Question 13

This language is the following:

1. Middle Level language
2. maps human-readable mnemonics to machine instructions
3. allows machine-level programming without writing in machine language.

Answer 13

assembly language

Question 14

These languages are there to make programming easier. it allows you to describe the program in a more natural language.

Answer 14

High level language

Question 15

Assembly language is a —— language which provides the basic instructional interface to the computer processor.

Answer 15

Low language

Question 16

Assembly language gives you direct control of the system resources by:

Answer 16

1. setting processor registers
2. accessing memory location
3. interfacing with other hardware elements

Question 17

Programs written in high-level language are translated into —- in order for the processor to execute the program

Answer 17

assembly language

Question 18

Reasons not to use assembly?

Answer 18

1. Development time (too long)
2. Maintainability: unstructured
3. Portability: platform dependent

Question 19

The input and output devices are connected to the? This is a collection of the computer’s electrical lines where signals pass through.

Answer 19

bus

Question 20

The bus is typically designed to transfer fix-sized chunks of bytes knows as?

Answer 20

words

Question 21

This chip is the:

1. computer’s processor
2. engine that interprets or execute instructions stored in main memory
3. includes the arithmetic and logic unit and cpu register

Answer 21

CPU

Question 22

In the CPU register, this is a set of flip flops treated as a single unit

Answer 22

register

Question 23

this is a digital logic circuit capable os storing single bit

Answer 23

flip-flop

Question 24

this is a temporary storage device that holds both a program and the data it manipulates while the processor is executing the program

Answer 24

main memory

Question 25

This a register serving as a temporary storage or working location built into the CPU itself (separate from memory). They typically perform computations.

Answer 25

CPU Registers

Question 26

This register can be accessed with all 64 bits or some portion of subset accessed

Answer 26

General Purpose Registers

Question 27

This general purpose register is used to point to the current top of stacks

Answer 27

Stack Pointer Register

Question 28

This general purpose register is used as a base pointer during function calls

Answer 28

Base Pointer Register

Question 29

This is a special register that is used by the CPU to point to the next instructions to be executed

Answer 29

Instruction Pointer

Question 30

This special register is used for status and CPU control and information. It is updated by the CPU after each instruction and not directly accessible by programs

Answer 30

Flag registers (rFlags)

Question 31

This special register stores status information about the instruction that was just executed.

Answer 31

Rflags (flag register)

Question 32

This memory can be viewed as a series of bytes. Each memory address holds one byte of information.

Answer 32

Main memory

Question 33

Main memory architecture is?

Answer 33

little-endian

Question 34

The highest memory address in a memory layout is?

Answer 34

stack

Question 35

the lowest memory address in a main memory layout is?

Answer 35

reserved

Question 36

After stack in the memory layout, it is where dynamically allocated data will be stored if requested

Answer 36

heap

Question 37

In the memory layout, this is where uninitialized declared variables are stored

Answer 37

BSS

Question 38

in the memory layout, this is where the initialized data is stored

Answer 38

data

Question 39

before the low memory address, in the memory layout, this is where the machine language is stored

Answer 39

text (code)

Question 40

The typical speed of a register is?

Answer 40

1 nanosecond

Question 41

the typical speed of cache memory is?

Answer 41

5 - 60 nanoseconds

Question 42

the typical speed of a primary storage is?

Answer 42

100 - 150 nano seconds

Question 43

the typical speed of a secondary storage is?

Answer 43

3-5 milliseconds

Question 44

In the program sections, all initialized variable and constants are placed in this section. variable names must start with a letter Starts with section .data

Answer 44

Data Section

Question 45

In data section, the constant is not assigned a?

Answer 45

memory location

Question 46

in this program section, it includes some headers or labels that define the initial program entry point _start:

Answer 46

text section

Question 47

To make numerical specified as hex we use?

Answer 47

suffix h or x 0h or 0x

Question 48

To make numerical specified as octal we use?

Answer 48

suffix q or o 0q or 0o

Question 49

To make comments in assembly language we use?

Answer 49

semicolon

Question 50

In the programming the process, this process modifies the original program according to directives that begin with "#" character

Answer 50

preprocessing

Question 51

This programming process translates the output text file of the pre-processor into a text file which contains an assembly language program

Answer 51

compilation

Question 52

In the programming process, this translates compiler output to machine language instructions, generating a relocatable object program.

Answer 52

Assembly

Question 53

In the programming process, it handles the merging of other necessary precompiled object files with the assembler's output, generating an executable file

Answer 53

linking

Question 54

In the assembly tool chain this is a program that will read an assembly language input file and convert the code into a machine language binary file. The comments are removed, and the variable names and labels are converted into appropriate addresses nasm -felf64 .asm

Answer 54

assembler

Question 55

In this assembly tool chain, it combines one or more object files into a single executable file. Any routines from user or system libraries are included as necessary. ld [-o ] .o

Answer 55

Linker

Question 56

In the assembly tool chain, this is the part of the operating system that will load the program from secondary storage into primary storage (main memory) a.out ./

Answer 56

loader

Question 57

In the assembly tool chain, this is used to control execution of a program. it allows for testing and debugging activities to be performed

Answer 57

debugger