Introduction

Question 1

Who and when did the first oil well drill?

Answer 1

In 1859 Edwin Drake.

Question 2

What is barrel today?

Answer 2

Barrel is 159 liters today.

Question 3

What is GOSP?

Answer 3

Gas Oil Separation Plant. Everything after wellheads.

Question 4

What is that?

Answer 4

This is the sucker rod pump or donkey pump. Or beam pump.

Question 5

What is FPSO?

Answer 5

Floating Production, Storage, Offloading. Tanker with wellheads on a turret, could be POSMOR (position mooring - rope connections) or DYNPOS (dynamic positioning - using thrusters). 200-2000 meters deep.

Question 6

What is TLP?

Answer 6

Tension Leg Platform. 2000 meters deep.

Question 7

What is SPAR?

Answer 7

Single tall floating cylinder hull, supporting a fixed deck. Up to 3000 meters deep.

Question 8

What is a christmas tree?

Answer 8

The wellhead structure (mounted at the opening of the well to regulate and monitor the extraction of hydrocarbons), but without the casing head and the tubing head.

Question 9

What is the standart diameter of pipelines?

Answer 9

Pipelines can measure anywhere from 6 to 48 inches in diameter.

Question 10

What are Pigs? And Pigging?

Answer 10

Pigs are intellegent robotic devices that are propelled down pipelines to evaluate the interior of the pipe (cleaning and inspecting the pipeline).

Sending a pig down known as ‘pigging’ the pipeline.

Question 11

What is the API?

Answer 11

American Petroleum Institut. It’s a measure of crude’s specific gravity, or density.

The higher the API number, the less dense (lighter, thinner) the crude.

Question 12

What is the typical range of crude oil API gravity?

Answer 12

7 to 52 corresponding to about 970 kg/m³ to 750 kg/m³. Most fall in the 20 to 45 API gravity range.

Question 13

What API for crude oil is good?

Answer 13

40-45 degree API is good. <35 contains longer and bigger molecules that are not as useful as 40-45.

Question 14

From which type of well we could get raw natuaral gas?

Answer 14

Raw natuaral gas comes from three types of wells: oil wells, gas wells, and condensate wells.

Question 15

How do we call natural gas that comes from oil well? Is there some types of this gas?

Answer 15

Associated gas. It could be free or dissolved (in the crude oil).

Question 16

Wha t is non-associated gas?

Answer 16

Natural gas that comes from gas and condensate wells, if there is little or no crude oil.

Question 17

How do we call energy content in kJ/kg of natural gas?

Answer 17

Calorific value / Wobbe index.

Question 18

What is NGL? Is that a waste products?

Answer 18

Natural Gas Liquids (associated hydrocarbons). We often remove ethan, propane, butane, and pentanes from natural gas, but they are not a waste products. They can be very valuable: raw materials for oil refineries or petrochemical plants.

Question 19

Which API has a young reservoir? And what is a young reservoire?

Answer 19

E.g. 60 million years. Often has heavy crude, less than 20 API.

Question 20

What is the average recovery rate of reservoire?

Answer 20

40%, leaving 60% of the hydrocarbons trapped in the reservoire. The best reservoirs with advanced Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) allow up to 70%.

Question 21

What is a cone bit? Which types of bits do you know?

Answer 21

A cone bit is used to dig into the rock.

Roller cones with inserts (sharoshecnye), other bits are PDS (polycrystallyne diamond compact, almaznye) and Diamond Impregnated.

Question 22

What is a typical values of force for a bit?

Answer 22

50 kN force and a torque of 1-1.5 kNm at 40-80RPM (revolution per minute, oborot v min) for an 8 inch cone.

Question 23

What is directional drilling? When it turns to horizontal?

Answer 23

Directional drilling is intentional deviation of a well bore from the vertical.

A well which has sections more than 80 degrees from the vertical is horizontal.

Question 24

What pressure is typical for deep wells?

Answer 24

The pressure and temperature generally
increases with increasing depth, so that deep wells can have more than 200 deg C
temperature and 90 MPa pressure (900 times atmospheric pressure).

Question 25

What is a Kill Fluid?

Answer 25

A special high density mud used to shut down a well for workover.

Question 26

What types of well casing do we need to put into the well?

Answer 26

Conductor casing (20-50 feet long, installed befor main drilling) Surface casing (100-400m, protects fresh water deposits near the surface of the well from being contaminated by hydrocarbons or salt water) Intermediate casing (sometimes we use liner strings (that simply attached to the previous casing with hangers) instead of it) Production casing (oil string, long string, 5 to 28 cm)

Question 27

Where do we use the packer?

Answer 27

Between casing and tubing at the bottom of the well.

Question 28

What types of completions do we have?

Answer 28

Open hole (most basic, open end without filters) Conventional perforated (sides with tiny holes, in the past we use 'bullet perforation', with really small guns, now 'jet perforating' that consists of small electrically ignited charges) Sand exclusion (for loose sand, open-holed or perforated with screening or filtering systems) Permanent (the completion and wellhead are assembled and installed only once) Multiple zone (two or more formations produced simultaneously, without mixing) Drainhole (like a drain for the hydrocarbons, drilling horizontally)

Question 29

What is in the bottom of the wellhead?

Answer 29

Casing head and casing hangers. Several valves and plugs, that gives access to the casing. You know, to determine leaks, or for gas injection.

Question 30

What is the donut?

Answer 30

It's the tubing hanger. Used to position the tubing correctly in the well.

Question 31

Why do we need things like Master Gate Valve?

Answer 31

It provides full opening. Must capable of holding the full pressure of the well. Usually fully opened and not controles the flow.

Question 32

How do we call that minimum instrumentation for controlling pressure placed before the wing valve?

Answer 32

The pressure gauge.

Question 33

Why do we need the wing valve?

Answer 33

When shutting in the well, the wing gate or valve is normally used so that the tubing pressure can be easily read.

Question 34

Why do we need the swab valve?

Answer 34

The swab valve is used to gain access to the well for wireline operations, on top of it is a tree adapter and cap that will mate with various equipment.

Question 35

What is the variable flow choke valve?

Answer 35

The variable flow choke valve is typically a large needle valve. Its calibrated opening is adjustable in 1/64 inch increments (called beans). Could be just a positive choke installed (less expensive).

Question 36

How can we detect injected water breaktrough?

Answer 36

We can use radioactive isotopes to detect it.

Question 37

Types of production wells are free flowing and ... What else? What all of that mean?

Answer 37

Lifted. A free flowing oil well has enough downhole pressure to reach a suitable wellhead production pressure and maintain an acceptable well-flow.