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Psychology 100 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Empiricism

A

Scientific approach that attempts to answer questions concerning the relationship between the mind and the body

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2
Q

Rationalism

A

Approach used by ancient Greek philosophers, utilizing reason and logic to help explain human actions

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3
Q

Parsimony

A

Accepting the simplest testable solution that accounts for all available evidence

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4
Q

Psychophysics

A

Measures the relationship between energy in a stimulus and our sensation of the changes in stimulus magnitude

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5
Q

Structuralism

A

Belief that human experience is built up of elemental sensations
- introspection came from this view

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6
Q

Introspection

A

Examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes

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7
Q

Functionalism

A

This belief- influenced by Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection- emphasizes the purpose of processes

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8
Q

Steps in the Scientific Method

A
  1. Formulate hypothesis
  2. Design a study
  3. Collect the data
  4. Analyze data and obtain results
  5. Draw conclusions from the results (use conclusions to develop new hypotheses)
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9
Q

Operational Definition

A

A way to describe a concept in an observable or measurable way. Must be clear and objective

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10
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Involves collecting data in natural surroundings rather than in a controlled laboratory situation. The aim is to observe the phenomena without influencing it

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11
Q

Case Study

A

Method of observation that involves intensively examining individual participants, that is often used to study clinical cases

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12
Q

Survey

A

A standardized set of questions

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13
Q

Correlational Study

A

A statistic that describes the relationship between two variables

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14
Q

Experiment

A

Can allow you to infer a causal relationship between two variables

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15
Q

Ethical Considerations when Designing a Study

A
  • safety of participants
  • benefits must outweigh risks
  • informed consent must be obtained
  • a lack of coercion
  • privacy
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16
Q

Possible Flaws in Studies

A
  • bias
  • confounding variables
  • info gathered may not answer the hypothesis posed
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17
Q

Nature or Nativism

A

You were born with it

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18
Q

Nurture or Empiricism

A

You gained it through experience

19
Q

Genes

A

Regions of chromosomes that encode particular proteins

20
Q

Alleles

A

The combination of two genes at a given locus. There are two kinds of alleges- dominant and recessive

21
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of a trait

22
Q

Phenotype

A

How a trait is expressed

23
Q

Polymeric Disorders

A

Disorders as the result of more than one gene’s action

24
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of heritable changes that occur without a change in the DNA sequence

25
Q

Heritability

A

A statistic that ranges from 0-1 and represents the degree to hitch the trait is a result of genetics

26
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Concerned with the environmental variance component, that is the prenatal and postnatal environmental influences that affect individuals during their lifetimes

27
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Concerned with the design of human nature, all human behavioural characteristics that are the product of natural selection in ancestral environments

28
Q

Parental Investment Theory

A

Consists of the energy, time, resources and opportunity cost associated with having children

29
Q

Mating Opportunity Cost

A

The effort and costs incurred in securing and reserving mating opportunities

30
Q

Selection Pressure

A

The sex with the higher potential reproductive rate is under greater selection pressure to compete, for access to members of the other sex. The sex with the greater investment are pickier about their mates

31
Q

Polygyny

A

When males have multiple female partners. Explains why males are greater in size- due to inter-male competition for females

32
Q

Epigamy

A

When female preferences cause males to evolve particular characteristics

33
Q

Alternative Strategies

A

refer to different mating approaches adopted by genetically different males

34
Q

Conditional Strategies

A

Individuals that are genetically the same adopt different behavioural tactics

35
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

Defined as the sum of an individuals personal reproductive success and his or her influence upon the reproductive success of relatives, weighted according to their relatedness to the individual

36
Q

Reciprocal Altruism

A

The cooperation of two or more non-relatives, characterized by a payoff matrix in which the gain obtained from cooperation is greater than the sum of the gain obtained by each party without cooperation

37
Q

Game Theory

A

Describes a social exchange matrix in which the payoffs and the costs of cooperation are pitted against the benefits and costs of defection in an ongoing social exchange

38
Q

Nativists

A

Proposed by Rene Descartes stating that all behaviours are reflexive

39
Q

Empiricists

A

Humans are born with no knowledge of behaviour, they learn through experience

40
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A form of learning that involves an association between two stimuli

41
Q

Delay Conditioning

A

The conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus

42
Q

Backward Conditioning

A

The unconditioned stimulus precedes the conditioned stimulus

43
Q

Simultaneous Conditioning

A

The conditioned and unconditioned stimulus are presented at the same time

44
Q

Trace Conditioning

A

The conditioned stimulus is presented, taken away, and then the unconditioned stimulus is presented

Psychology 100 (1 decks)

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