Introduction

Question 1

Harvested after being dug up from the ground

Answer 1

Peat/Sphagnum moss

Question 2

Found due to peat harvest

Answer 2

Tollund Man

Question 3

Where is the Tollund Man found today?

Answer 3

Silkeborg museum, Denmark

Question 4

Why was the Tollund Man preserved?

Answer 4

Acidic and anoxic conditions underground contributed to by the Sphagnum moss

Question 5

Divided plants into two groups

Answer 5

August Wilhelm Eichler

Question 6

Two groups provided by Eichler

Answer 6

Cryptogamae and Phanerogamae

Question 7

Cryptogamae

Answer 7

Fungi, algae, ferns, bryophytes

Reproduce via spores

Question 8

Phanerogamae

Answer 8

Usual plants

Reproduce via seeds

Question 9

Current plant classification (3 groups)

Answer 9

Non-vascular plants, vascular cryptogams, spermatophytes

Question 10

Non-vascular plants include

Answer 10

Bryophytes

Question 11

Vascular cryptogams include ____________ which have ____________, but do not produce ___________.

Answer 11

Pteridophytes, vascular tissues, seeds

Question 12

Spermatophytes include (2 groups)

Answer 12

Gymnosperms, angiosperms

Question 13

Green plants

Answer 13

Chlorobionta

Question 14

Apomorphies of green plants:

Answer 14

1. Cellulose
2. Chlorophyll a and b present in chloroplasts
3. Thylakoids in stacks (grana)
4. True starch used as storage

Question 15

Two sister groups that make up chlorobionta

Answer 15

Chlorophytes, streptophytes

Question 16

Major apomorphy of streptophytes

Answer 16

Oogamy (gametes differentiated into eggs and sperm)

Question 17

Differentiate the haplontic forms of reproduction:

Answer 17

Isogamy - undifferentiated gametes, same sizes

Oogamy - differentiated gametes, larger egg and motile sperm

Question 18

Charales

Answer 18

Exhibits oogamy

Question 19

Charophytes

Answer 19

More advanced group

Question 20

Major apomorphy of charophytes

Answer 20

Presence of plasmodesmata (found at the primary wall and serves as connection for symplast transport)

Question 21

Land plants

Answer 21

Embryophyta

Question 22

Land plants are defined by the presence of:

Answer 22

1. Embryo
2. Cuticle
3. Parenchyma

Question 23

Embryophytes were first colonized during what period?

Answer 23

Silurian period (400 mya)

Question 24

Haplodiplontic life cycle is also known as

Answer 24

Alternation of generations

Question 25

Terminal portion of sporophyte is the _________/__________ with sporogenous tissue called ___________ that will undergo meiosis to produce _____________.

Answer 25

Sporangium/capsule, sporocyte, spores (haplontic)

Question 26

The gametophyte is produced by the

Answer 26

Mitosis of spores

Question 27

Female and male reproductive organs

Answer 27

Archegonium, antheridium

Question 28

Sperm is nonflagellate in

Answer 28

Conifers, gnetales, angiosperms

Question 29

First land plants

Answer 29

Bryophytes

Question 30

(T/F) Bryophytes are a monophyletic group

Answer 30

False

Question 31

Characteristics of bryophytes common to tracheophytes

Answer 31

1. Embryo develops within a multicellular reproductive organ 2. Spores covered with sporopollenin 3. Flavonoids 4. Chlorophyll a and b 5. True starch as storage 6. Spiral sperm bodies with two flagella

Question 32

200 cm bryophyte

Answer 32

Fontalis novae-angliae

Question 33

70 cm bryophyte

Answer 33

Dawsonia superba

Question 34

1 cm bryophyte

Answer 34

Ephemerum minutissimum

Question 35

Defining characteristics of bryophytes:

Answer 35

1. Small, compact 2. Slow growth 3. No vascular tissues 4. No lignin 5. No well defined meristematic tissues (apical cell)

Question 36

Functional phloem located in the outer cortex

Answer 36

Leptoids

Question 37

Functional xylem located in the central cylinder, elongated cells

Answer 37

Hydroids

Question 38

Why are hydroids and leptoids not considered as xylem and phloem?

Answer 38

They do not have well defined cells such as tracheids, vessels, sieve tubes, companion cells, etc.

Question 39

Functional leaves of bryophytes

Answer 39

Phyllids

Question 40

Modified epidermal cells of bryophytes for anchorage

Answer 40

Rhizoids

Question 41

Functional roots of bryophytes

Answer 41

Rhizoids

Question 42

Differentiate hydration of vascular plants and bryophytes

Answer 42

Vascular plants - homoiohydric | Bryophytes - poikilohydric

Question 43

Homoiohydric vs. Poikilohydric

Answer 43

Homoiohydric - hydration and transport controlled internally | Poikilohydric - external environment controls hydration (capillarity)

Question 44

Dominant stage of bryophytes

Answer 44

Gametophytic

Question 45

Sterile sheath of cells that protect the gametangia

Answer 45

Jacket cells

Question 46

Example of liverwort with jacket cells

Answer 46

Marchantia

Question 47

Bladder moss

Answer 47

Physcomitrium pyriforme

Question 48

(T/F) Higher altitude = more bryophytes

Answer 48

True until 3,000-3,500 meters

Question 49

Species ___________ with elevation and are usually found in the __________ of leaves and trees.

Answer 49

Increase, crown

Question 50

Decaying vegetation used in Europe as fuel for cooking

Answer 50

Peat