Introduction

Question 1

Late adulthood

Answer 1

The developmental period that lasts from approximately 60 or 70 years of age until death. A period of adjustment to decreeing strength and health and to retirement and reduced income.

Question 2

Interventionist View

Answer 2

States that adolescence is a sociohistorical creation. - Particularly relevant in this view are the sociocultural circumstances at the beginning of the 20th century. - Legislation was enacted that made youth more dependable and the move into the economic sphere more manageable. - Decrease in apprenticeships. - Task specialisation. - Mechanisation. - The Industrial Revolution and the Division of Labour. - The separation of work and home and the age grading of schools. - The bi-product of a move to compulsory secondary education. - The Interventionist “Age of Adolescence” between the 1890’s and the 1920’s. The legislation of Youth: - The move of youth out of employment and into schooling to hear them up for the economic system. - A system to transmit youth intellectual skills.

Question 3

Nature Vs Nurture:

Answer 3

Does development occur as result of our biology (our genetics) or the environment? Consider someone who is aggressive - is it a result of genetics or the environment in which the person lives? It seems that both nature and nurture influence our development but to different degrees. Biology will influence when a person begins puberty, the environment might influence how they think and feel about the changes. - Where does the balance lie?

Question 4

Resilience:

Answer 4

Resilience refers to adapting positively and achieving successful outcomes in the face of significant and adverse outcomes.

Question 5

Development

Answer 5

Is the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span. Most development involves growth, although it also includes decay as in death and dying.

Question 6

What was the view of Adolescence in the Middle Ages?

Answer 6

Adolescents were viewed as miniature adults that were subject to harsh discipline.

Question 7

Prenatal period

Answer 7

Is the time from conception to birth - approximately 9 months. It is a time of tremendous growth - from a single cell to an organism complete with Brain and Behavioural capabilities.

Question 8

Hypothesis

Answer 8

Is a specific assertion and prediction that can be tested.

Question 9

Early adulthood

Answer 9

Usually begins in the late teens or early twenties. Lasts through the 30’s. Personal and economic independence is established, career development intensifies.

Question 10

Continuity Vs. Discontinuity:

Answer 10

The extent to which our development involves gradual, culminative change (Continuity) compared to distinct stages (discontinuity). Some researchers argue that development is a gradual process such as the months of learning that takes place before a child speaks his first words. Others argue that we develop in distinct stages, and that some developmental changes are quiet rapid.

Question 11

Gender Bias

Answer 11

A preconceived notion about the abilities of females and males that prevents individuals from pursuing their own interests and achieving their potential.

Question 12

Infancy

Answer 12

Is the development period that extends from birth to 18 or 24 months of age. Infancy is a time of extreme dependency on adults. Many psychological activities - for example, language, symbolic thought, sensorimotor coordination, social learning, and parent relationships - begin in this period.

Question 13

Millennials

Answer 13

The generation born after 1980. - The first to come of age and enter adulthood in the new millennium - Ethnic diversity. - Connection to technology. - Confident, self expressive, liberal, up-beat, and open to change. - There are both positives and negatives to the technological revolution. - Information retrieval rather than information formation. - The lack of reading and literacy etc. - Retention of historical and other facts. - However no evidence to suggest that there is a decrease in IQ or thinking, or cognitive function. - Though what about the culture issue? - Concerns have been raised about this cohorts focus on shortsighted thinking and quick solutions to life problems.

Question 14

What was Aristotle’s view on Adolescence?

Answer 14

The most important aspect of adolescence is the ability to choose, and that self determination is a hallmark of maturity. - Aristotle also recognised adolescents egocentrism - “They think they know everything and are quite sure about it”.

Question 15

Middle adulthood

Answer 15

Begins approximately 35 to 45 years of age. Ends at some point between 55 and 65 years. A period of transmitting values to the next generation, deeper reflection about the meaning of life, enhanced concern about the decline in physical functioning.

Question 16

Descriptive Research

Answer 16

Aims to observe and record behaviour.

No causational conclusions.

Question 17

Cohort Effects

Answer 17

Refers to influences attributed to a persons year of birth, era, or generation, but not to actual chronological age.

Question 18

Stereotype

Answer 18

Is a generalisation that reflects our impressions and beliefs about a broad category of people. All stereotypes carry an image of what the typical member of a specific group is like.

Question 19

Ethnic Gloss

Answer 19

Is using an ethnic label such as African American or Latino in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is.

Question 20

Cohort

Answer 20

Is a group of people who were born at a similar point in history and as a result have a similar experience.

Question 21

The Five C’s of Positive Youth Development:

Answer 21

Competence - Which involves having a positive reception of ones actions in domain specific areas; social, academic, physical, career, and so on. - Confidence - Which consists of an overall positive sense of self-worth and self-efficacy (a sense that one can master a situation and produce a positive outcome). - Connection - Which is characterised by positive relationships with others, including family, peers, teachers, and individuals in the community. - Character - Which comprises respect for societal rules, an understanding of right and wring, and integrity. - Caring / Compassion - Which encompasses showing emotional concern for others, especially those in destress.

Question 22

Correlational Research

Answer 22

The strength of the linear relationship between two variables. Regression.

Question 23

Late adolescence

Answer 23

Refers approximately to the latter half of the second decade of life. Career interests, dating, and identity exploration are often more pronounced in late adolescence than in early adolescence.

Question 24

Storm-and-Stress View

Answer 24

Is Halls concept that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings. - Oscillation of thoughts and feelings between humility and conceit, good intentions and temptation, happiness and sadness.

Question 25

What developments were seen in the 18th Century with Adolescents.

Answer 25

Jean Jaques Rousseau offered a more enlightened view of adolescence, restoring the belief that being a child or an adolescent is not the same as being an adult. - Focused like Plato on the concept of reasoning, that it develops in adolescence.

Question 26

-Information Processing Theory

Answer 26

Emphasises that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategies about it. - How information is: - Perceived - Stored - Encoded - Retrieved - Represented - How does information enter the mind. - How is it stored and transformed - How is it retrieved.

Question 27

Early adolescence

Answer 27

Corresponds roughly to the middle school or junior high school years and includes most pubertal change.

Question 28

Evaluation of Ecological Systems Theory

Answer 28

Contributions:

Systematic examination of macro & micro dimensions of environmental systems & attention to connections between them.

Criticisms:

Inadequate attentions to biological factors & cognitive factors.

Question 29

Frueds Psychosexual Stages

Answer 29

Question 30

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 30

Holds that behaviour, environment, and person / cognition are the key factors in development. - The modelling, imitation of significant others.

Question 31

What was Plato’s view on Adolescence?

Answer 31

Reasoning doesn’t belong to childhood, rather first appears in adolescence. - Children should play sports and music, whereas adolescents should study science and mathematics.

Question 32

Early childhood

Answer 32

Is the developmental period that extends from the end of infancy to about 5 or 6 years of age, sometimes called the preschool years. Children learn to become more self-sufficient and learn to care for themselves. They develop school readiness, and spend many hours in play and with peers.

Question 33

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 33

A number based on a statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables.

Be careful of confounds and don’t assume causation.

Question 34

Psychoanalytic theories:

Answer 34

Describe development as a primarily unconscious (beyond awareness) and heavily coloured by emotion. Behaviour is merely a surface characteristic, and that a true understanding of development requires analysing the deeper workings of the mind.

Question 35

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory

Answer 35

Hold that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems: - Microsystem. - Mesosystem. - Exosystem. - Macrosystem. - Chronosystem.

Question 36

Theory

Answer 36

Is an integrated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain and develop a hypothesis.

Question 37

Experimental research

Answer 37

Used to study causation. A carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence a specific behaviour are manipulated while other factors are held constant.

Cause and Effect Relationships.

Question 38

Middle and late childhood

Answer 38

Is the developmental period that extends from the age of about 6 to 10 or 11 years of age. In this period, sometimes called the elementary school years, children master fundamental skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic, and they are formally exposed to the larger world and its culture. Achievement become the central theme.

Question 39

Emerging adulthood

Answer 39

Takes place from approximately 18 to 25 years. Experimentation and exploration characterise the emerging adult. - Identity exploration, especially in love and work. - Instability, Residential changes peak, instability also in love and work, and education. - Self-focussed, Focused on the sense that they have little in the way of social obligations, little in the way of duties and commitments to others. - Feeling in-between, May not consider themselves adolescents nor fully fledged adults. - The age of possibilities, a time when individuals have the potential to transform their lives. - Many are optimistic about their future, - Many who have had troubled pasts may see it as a time to reinvent themselves.

Question 40

Eclectic theoretical orientation

Answer 40

Does not follow one particular approach but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered its best features are. In this way you can view the study of adolescent development as it actually exists - with different theorists making different assumptions, stressing different empirical problems, and using different strategies to discover information.

Question 41

Developmental Transitions

Answer 41

Question 42

Eriksons Psychosocial Theory

Answer 42

Eight stages of development unfold as we go through life. At each stage, a unique developmental task confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved. A turning point, marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential. Trust Vs. Mistrust:

Erikson’s first psychological stage, which is experienced in the first year of life. Trust in infancy sets the stage fir a lifelong expectation that the world will be good and pleasant place to live in.

Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt.

Second stage. occurring in late infancy and toddlerhood. After gaining trust infants begin to discover that their behaviour is their own, and they start to assert their independence.

Initiative Vs. Guilt.

Third stage. Occurs during the preschool years. As preschool children encounter a widening social world, they face a new challenge and require active, purposeful, responsible behaviour. Feelings of guilt may arise, though, if the child is irresponsible and is made to feel too anxious.

Industry Vs. Inferiority.

Fourth Stage. Occurring approximately in elementary school years. Children now need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills. The negative outcome is that the child can develop a sense of inferiority - feeling incompetent and unproductive.

Identity Vs. Confusion.

Occurs in adolescence, The individual begins to explore who they are and what their purpose in life is. They receive a positive identity, if not a identity confusion reigns.

Intimacy Vs. Isolation.

Early adulthood. The sixth stage. The developmental task of forming intimate relationships. Intimacy will be achieved, or else isolation.

Generatively Vs. Stagnation.

Seventh Stage. Occurs in middle adulthood. The concern and developmental challenge of helping the younger generation develop and lead useful lives.

Integrity Vs. Despair.

Eight Stage. Late adulthood. During this stage, a person reflects on the past. If it has been a life well spent, the person will experience integrity, if not, retrospection will yield doubt or gloom, despair.

Question 43

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory

Answer 43

Question 44

Standardised tests

Answer 44

Has uniform procedures for administration and scoring.

Used to compare people against others.

One problem is that is assumes that intelligence and behaviour is stable.

Question 45

Adolescent Generalisation-Gap

Answer 45

Refers to generalisations that are based on information about a limited, often highly visible group of adolescents.

Question 46

Positive Youth Development

Answer 46

Reflects the positive psychology approach. Emphasises the strengths of youth and their qualities and developmental trajectories.

Question 47

What were the characteristics if the 1950’s and 60’s cohort?

Answer 47

By this time the developmental period referred to as adolescence had come of age. - Physical identity. - Social identity. - Legal identity. - Getting married, going to university, staring a family, settling down to a life of luxury depicted in television commercials. - Political activism was embraced by these adolescence. - However this activism was quickly replace by principles of upward mobility through achievement in school, university or vocational training. - Material interests began to dominate the cohort and the ideological reciting of institutions began to recede. - Feminist influences began to become issues, and have their grounding in this era.

Question 48

Adolescence

Answer 48

Is the period of transition between childhood and adulthood that involves biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes. Prepares the person for adulthood. Begins at around 10 to 13 years of age. and ends in late teens. The development of sexual functions to abstract thinking processes and independence.