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Radiology > Introduction 6/18 > Flashcards

Introduction 6/18 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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0
Q

How do X-rays travel?

A

From X-ray source through object being imaged to detector film

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1
Q

Which examination methods use X-rays?

A

Plain film, CT, and mammography

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2
Q

What are the four basic densities in a human?

A

Air, fat, water (blood and soft tissue), and bone (mineral)

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3
Q

What could potentially be a fifth density?

A

Man made materials - hip prosthesis, contrast

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4
Q

How is it that we can see edges on an image?

A

Due to a difference in densities

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5
Q

Order densities by decreasing radiolucency.

A

Air, fat, water (blood and soft tissue), bone (mineral)

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6
Q

The more X-rays that get to the detector, the ____ the image.

A

Darker

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7
Q

What absorbs most X-rays ? What color does it appear?

A

Bone. White. (Radiopaque)

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8
Q

Cephalad

A

Toward head

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9
Q

Caudad

A

Toward feet

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10
Q

AP

A

Anterior-posterior

X-rays travel from anterior to posterior of the patient

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11
Q

PA

A

Posterior to anterior

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12
Q

Lateral orientation

A

X-rays travel from one side of pt to the other.

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13
Q

Left lateral means…

A

Left side of pt is closest to detector

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14
Q

Supine orientation

A

Pt is laying on their back

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15
Q

Prone orientation

A

Patient is laying on their belly

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16
Q

Why use prone vs supine orientations?

A

Gravity acts differently to produces different images for each view.

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17
Q

Describe Decubitus orientation

What is it used for?

A

Pt is lying on their side

Used for free air in abdomen, pleural effusions in chest

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18
Q

Name the orientation of a pt lying on their left side

Right side?

A

Left side down decubitus

Right side down decubitus

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19
Q

Upright orientation

Why is this used?

A

Pt is standing

Use gravity to show free intraperitoneal air

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20
Q

Oblique orientation

A

Not 0 or 90 degrees, somewhere in between

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21
Q

Difference between lateral and decubitus views

A

Different orientations

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22
Q

ONE VIEW IS NO VIEW. What is better?

A

At least 2 orthogonal views, often and frontal and lateral.

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23
Q

What is the first thing to do when observing an X-ray?

A

Read name on film, make sure it is who you think it is. Also make sure it is the correct date.

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24
What should be on the label?
Correct Name, Correct date, and L and R labels in regard to the patient.
25
Which side is R on a chest X-ray?
THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE PATIENT.
26
How to ID PA chest X-ray
heart is slightly to left
27
What are the types of cross-sectional imaging? (PLANES)
Sagittal, Axial, and Coronal.
28
View refers to what type of imaging?
plain film
29
Plane referes to which type of imaging?
CT and MRI
30
Sagittal cross-section:
vertical plane from front to back.
31
Median sagittal plane
divides left and right sides. Looks like lateral view but it's NOT!
32
axial cross-section
transverse plane
33
coronal cross-section
vertical plane from head to foot parallel to shoulders
34
how many images does plain film give?
one
35
how many images does CT/MRI give?
many
36
Magnification is determined by:
- distance of source from patient: the closer the x-ray source is to the patient the more magnification occurs. - distance of patient from film: the farther the patient is from the detector the more magnification occurs - orientation of the patient: the further an organ is from the detector the more magnification occurs
37
What is ideal scenario to minimize magnification?
Want source as far away as possible, but detector as close as possible to the area being imaged!
38
Purpose of contrast agents
permits visualization of structures not normally visualized
39
What contrast agents are used for GI studies?
Barium and Gastrografin
40
Barium vs. Gastrografin
Both used for GI studies. - Barium: better than Gastrografin, shows up whiter, but more harmful. - Gastrografin: water soluble, absorbed more quickly, may cause pulmonary edema if patient aspirates.
41
When is it better to use water soluble Gastrografin?
If there is a concern about perforated viscus (bowel loop), but use with caution orally. If patient aspirates, it causes pulmonary edema.
42
Contrast agents for IVP, CT: | Side effects?
iodinated contrast - given intravenously. - mild allergic rxns in 2-5%: hives, nausea and vomiting. - Severe allergic rxns: can cause death - Can injure kidneys (nephrotoxic) therefore not used or used with caution in renal impaired patients, diabetics, and patients with multiple myeloma.
43
ionic vs. non ionic contrast:
nonionic has less allergic reactions, but is more expensive than ionic.
44
who should avoid iodinated contrast?
renal impaired patients, diabetics, and patients with multiple myeloma
45
myeloma:
cancer of plasma cell, produces antibodies that can be harmful if too many are being produced
46
Contrast agent used for MRI: | Side effects?
Gadolinium - IV - less allergic rxns - not generally harmful to kidneys - can cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, so not routinely given to patients with renal impairment
47
Plain film
- typical X-ray. - any part of body - relatively cheap and lots of access - sometimes limited info - uses radiation (but less than CT scan)
48
fluoroscopy used for?
(real time x-rays) for GI studies, angiography, and guidance with procedures. uses less x-rays than taking an image
49
CT
Computed Tomography (CT/CAT scans) - use increased dramatically - much more radiation (100x) - more cost - more info - cross-sectional imaging (axial, coronal, sagittal) - CT angiography and 3-D imaging - guidance for procedures
50
Ultrasound
- No radiation: uses sound waves - very operator dependent - multiple uses - less expensive than CT - guidance for procedures
51
What is an ultrasound used for?
including cardiac, vascular, OB, abdomen, and pelvis (esp gall bladder and female pelvis), small parts (thyroid and testicles), breast, looking for fluid in chest and abdomen - guidance for procedures
52
What is a CT scan used for?
cross-sectional imaging, guidance for procedures
53
What imaging modality is very operator dependent?
ultrasound
54
What imaging modality is better for liver, pancreas?
CT
55
MRI
- uses magnetic fields - pacemaker and other contraindications; claustrophobia - loud - multiplanar and multisequence - expensive and less available - numerous applications including neuro, body, musculoskeletal, vascular (MRA)
56
what imaging modalities do NOT use radiation?
ultrasound, MRI
57
procedure of Nuclear Medicine
- inject radiotracer, tracer collets in one area, image with gamma camera, often phsyiologic.
58
applications of Nuclear Medicine
bone, cardiac, v/q lug, endocrine, esp thyroid, renal, gall bladder/billiary, GI bleed
59
procedure for PET | what does it tell you?
Positron emission tomography - inject a radiotracer (often flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) or rubidium (cardiac) and image with a scanner Physiologic: tells how much glucose is being used by the body. ex: brain, heart, cancer
60
applications for PET
Major: oncology and solitar pulmonary nodules (FDG). used for looking for cancer. often combined with CT. Other applications include neuro (dementia)
61
Observing cancer of the brain? Use this type of imaging
MRI
62
Mammography
- breast imaging - uses radiation and compression (not much radiation) - screening and diagnostic - looking for breast cancer
63
Radiation Safety:
ALARA = keep radiation As Low As Reasonably Achievable - when ordering studies consider radiation exposure in all casses, but esp in children and females particularly if pregnant. RIST/BENEFIT ratio.
64
In general, what effects to imagining modalities have?
carcinogenic, mutagenic, biological effects
65
Within normal limits:
normal variations | normal and abnormal overlap...something might seem normal on one scan, but abnormal on a different imaging modality!

Radiology (2 decks)

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