introduction

Question 1

Signal transduction by second messengers allows many layers of flexibility to allow the organism to respond precisely to its environment. An important feature of this process is the ____________

Answer 1

amplification of the original signal.

Question 2

Enzymatic cascades frequently mediate the signal transduction in a particular pathway.
Signaling is _________ One ligand generates a diverse set of responses.

Answer 2

pleiotropic.

Question 3

Acetylcholine receptor is a __________, Beta-adrenergic and serotonin receptors are examples of __________

Answer 3

Acetylcholine receptor is a ligand gated cation channel (Na, K, Ca), Beta-adrenergic and serotonin receptors are examples of 7-TM receptors

Question 4

Confirm the presence of a functional endocrine tumor ______ the diagnosis has been made on biochemical testing

Answer 4

after

Question 5

assessment of endocrine disease functional imaging (2)

Answer 5

1. benign hyperfunction

2. presence of functionan endocrine malignancy

Question 6

Endocrine Disease Structural Imaging goals (2)

Answer 6

1. to confirm the presence of an endocrine tumor

2. to assess structural damage

Question 7

___________ play an essential role in homeostasis

Answer 7

Feedback loops

Question 8

Random Hormone Levels not always helpful

Answer 8

yep

Question 9

origin:

adrenal medulla, paraganglia

Answer 9

ectoderm

Question 10

origin:

adrenal cortex

Answer 10

mesoderm

Question 11

origin:

GI tract, bronchi, pancreas and thyroid C-cells

Answer 11

endoderm

Question 12

Arranged in anatomically discrete glands
Specific messenger from each cell type
Glands have NO DUCTS, secretion into the blood stream

Answer 12

classes endocrine cells

Question 13

Organized in classic glands (e.g., pituitary, pancreatic islets, adrenal medulla) or dispersed (e.g., in gut or bronchi, or within the ducts of exocrine secretory organs)

Answer 13

neuroendocrine cells

Question 14

neuroendocrine cells messengers (2)

Answer 14

1. tissue specific messengers

2. generic messengers (granin proteins)

Question 15

Most neuroendocrine cells cancers occurs in the

Answer 15

GI tract and bronchopulmonary system

Question 16

Neuroendocrine cells _____ their secretory products in dense core secretory granules; _________________ is the most abundant secretory granule protein and most widely utilized generic neuroendocrine marker

Answer 16

Neuroendocrine cells store their secretory products in dense core secretory granules; “Chromogranin A” is the most abundant secretory granule protein and most widely utilized generic neuroendocrine marker

Question 17

Chromogranin A was isolated from secretory granules in adrenal medullary __________cells

Answer 17

chromaffin

Question 18

Endocrine cells with neuroendocrine features:

The hormonal secretory products of these cells are (2)

Answer 18

peptides and monoamines

Question 19

Endocrine cells NOT considered neuroendocrine include: (2)

Answer 19

1. Adrenal cortex
   secretes steroids
2. Thyroid follicular cells
   secretes modified amino acid

Question 20

Islets of Langerhans:

Answer 20

a classic endocrine organ composed of ‘neuroendocrine” cells

Question 21

____________________ is important for normal neuroendocrine function

Answer 21

Tissue microarchitecture

Question 22

Prevalence ~1/40,000-1/200,000
Principally parathyroid, pancreatic islets, pituitary. Also carcinoids
Germline loss of function mutations of MEN1 tumor suppressor

Answer 22

MEN 1

Question 23

Prevalence ~1/30,000
2A adrenal medulla C-cell, parathyroid
2B adrenal medulla, C-cell, mucosal neuromas
Germline gain of function mutations of RET proto-oncogene

Answer 23

MEN 2

Question 24

secondary hypofunction

Answer 24

Primary hypofunction of pituitary causing secondary hypofunction of multiple end-organs

Question 25

Polypeptide hormones and catecholamines bind to _________ receptors whereas steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and vitamin D function through _____________ receptors

Answer 25

Polypeptide hormones and catecholamines bind to cell surface receptors whereas steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and vitamin D function through intracellular receptors

Question 26

When heterotrimeric G proteins are bound to GTP, the alpha subunit separates from the beta-gamma subunit where it is free to activate or inhibit effector molecules such as (2)

Answer 26

adenyl cyclase and phospholipase C

Question 27

Integrated feedback loops are characteristic of the endocrine system and critical in maintaining normal hormonal function. Two major types of control exist: the hypothalamic-pituitary-peripheral organ unit and the free standing endocrine gland.

Answer 27

yep

Question 28

To accurately assess endocrine function, measurement of basal hormone levels and/or dynamic testing are needed. Endocrine biochemical testing should be done _______ to endocrine imaging. Endocrine imaging can be either functional or structural.

Answer 28

prior

Question 29

______________ cells are amine and/or peptide hormone- producing cells that have shared morphological and functional characteristics. They store their specific hormones in secretory granules that also contain chromogranin proteins and other generic markers. They can be dispersed (e.g. GI tract) or organized into classic endocrine glands (e.g. pituitary). ___________ tumors can produce eutopic or ectopic hormones.

Answer 29

“Neuroendocrine”