Introduction and History of Clinical Psychology

Question 1

What is meant by psychopathology?

Answer 1

the field concerned with the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorders

Question 2

What is meant by stigma?

Answer 2

Stigma refers to the destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society that are ascribed to groups considered different in some manner, such as people with psychological disorders

Question 3

What are the four characteristics of stigma?

Answer 3

1. A label is applied to a group of people that distinguishes them from others
2. Dangerous or undesirable traits are associated with that label by society
3. That group of people are seen as essentially different from us (us vs them)
4. People with the label are discriminated against unfairly

Question 4

Describe three ways of combatting stigma in a community

Answer 4

Housing options, educating people about the illnesses and personal contact (shopping in the same shops, eating in the same place can reduce stigma more than education.)

Question 5

Describe two Mental Health and Health Profession Strategies in combatting stigma

Answer 5

Standardised mental health evaluations; preventive efforts for psychological disorders among children and adolescents , including rating scale assessments from parents and teachers to help identify problems before they become more serious.
Education and Training; Mental health professionals should receive training in stigma issues. In addition, mental health professionals need to keep current on the descriptions, causes, and empirically supported treatments for psychological disorders

Question 6

Describe two Individual and family strategies of combatting stigma

Answer 6

Education for individuals and family because it helps to alleviate blame and remove stereotypes families might hold about psychological disorders. Educating people with a psychological disorder is also extremely important.
Support and Advocacy Groups

Question 7

Does education reduce stigma on its own?

Answer 7

No, when comparing answers regarding mental health in 1996 and 2006 while there was more knowledge on the subject, stigma toward these disorders did not decrease. In fact, in some cases it increased.

Question 8

What is the definition of a psychological disorder according to the DSM-5? (6 characteristics.) Give the four criteria for a mental disorder according to Kring et al. in brackets after

Answer 8

The disorder occurs within the individual.
• It involves clinically significant difficulties in thinking, feeling, or behaving.
• It usually involves personal distress of some sort, such as in social relationships or occupational functioning.
• It involves dysfunction in psychological, developmental, and/or neurobiological processes that support mental functioning.
• It is not a culturally specific reaction to an event (e.g.,death of a loved one).
• It is not primarily a result of social deviance or conflict with society.
(Distress, dysfunction, Disability, Violation of social norms.)

Question 9

Why may someone with a psychological disorder not fit the distress criteria?

Answer 9

For example, an individual with antisocial personality disorder may treat others cold- heartedly and violate the law without experiencing any guilt, remorse, anxiety, or other type of distress.

Question 10

Name a psychological disorder that may not present disability according to the book

Answer 10

Bulimia

Question 11

What is the problem with using violation of social norms as a category?

Answer 11

It is both too broad and too narrow

Question 12

What is meant by ethology?

Answer 12

How a disorder comes about

Question 13

What are the what why and how of disorders?

Answer 13

What disorder is it (Typical clinical presentation, criteria, epidemiology)
Why- theoretical models (ethology, maintenance, frameworks)
How- Treatment (Schools of thought/ frameworks, by disorder)

Question 14

What’s the problem with using stats to diagnose disorders?

Answer 14

There is ambiguity as to where on the distribution to regard it as abnormal (what deviation)

Question 15

What is meant by classification?

Answer 15

Categorise based on characteristics

Question 16

What is meant by a syndrome?

Answer 16

A cluster of symptoms

Question 17

What was the DSM-3 completely based on which hasn’t been used since? Give the disorder that is an exception to this

Answer 17

Completely based on causes (psycholoanalytics.) Since DSM-3 no etiology except for PTSD.

Question 18

Why did this DSM-3 format not work

Answer 18

Clinicians would come to different conclusions

Question 19

What is the duration of a manic episode?

Answer 19

At least a week

Question 20

What treatment did the belief that odd behaviour was caused by bad spirits lead to? name a few forms of this

Answer 20

Exorcisms such as elaborate rites of prayer, noisemaking, forcing the afflicted to drink terrible-tasting brews, and on occasion more extreme measures, such as flogging and starvation, to render the body uninhabitable to devils

Question 21

Who was one of the earliest proponents of the notion that the something wrong with the brain led to psychological disorders?

Answer 21

Hippocrates

Question 22

What three categories did Hippocrates separate psychological disorders into?

Answer 22

mania, melancholia, and phrenitis, or brain fever.

Question 23

What biological explanation did Hippocrates give for these disorders?

Answer 23

healthy brain func- tioning, and therefore mental health, depended on a delicate balance among four humors, or fluids of the body, namely, blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm. An imbalance of these humors produced disorders. if a person had a prepon- derance of black bile, the explanation was melancholia; too much yellow bile explained irritability and anxiousness; and too much blood, changeable temperament.

Question 24

Name two ways people witch disorders were treated in the dark ages

Answer 24

Monks prayed for them and touched them with relics and shit when hospitals began to come over secular jurisdiction and municipality powers took over some responsibilities from the church which included keeping them in a hospital until “they are restored of reason.” Lunacy trials were also conducted under the Crown’s right to protect people with psy- chological disorders, and a judgment of insanity allowed the Crown to become guardian of the person’s estate. The defendant’s orientation, memory, intellect, daily life, and habits were at issue in the trial.

Question 25

What were usually the outcomes of lunacy trials?

Answer 25

Usually, strange behavior was attributed to physical illness or injury or to some emotional shock. In all the cases that Neugebauer examined, only one referred to demonic possession.

Question 26

What buildings were used as asylums

Answer 26

Buildings which used to house those with leoprosy

Question 27

What was one of the most popular tourist attractions in London, rivalling the tower of London and Westminster abbey? Name another place in Europe similar to this

Answer 27

St. Mary's of Bethlehem (Bedlam); a shitty psychiatric hospital. Viewing inmates was entertainment.Similarly, in the Lunatics Tower, which was constructed in Vienna in 1784, people were confined in the spaces between inner square rooms and the outer walls

Question 28

Name two ways Benjamin Rush (the father of modern psychiatry) thought he could cure mental illnesses

Answer 28

he believed that psychological disorder was caused by an excess of blood in the brain, for which his favored treatment was to draw great quanti- ties of blood from people with psychological disorders. Rush also believed that many people with psychological disorders could be cured by being frightened. Thus, one of his recommended procedures was for the physician to convince the patient that death was near

Question 29

Who released the patients from their shackles in La Bicetre?

Answer 29

A former patient turned orderly named Jean-Baptiste Pussin, nit Pinel as previously asserted

Question 30

What was Pinel's philosophy regarding restoring reason?

Answer 30

He surmised that if their reason had left them because of severe personal and social problems, it might be restored to them through comforting counsel and purposeful activity.

Question 31

What was the effect of Pinel's changes?

Answer 31

, light and airy rooms replaced dungeons. People formerly considered dangerous now strolled through the hospital and grounds without creating disturbances or harming anyone.

Question 32

What was the dark downside to Pinel?

Answer 32

He reserved the more humanitarian treatment for the upper classes; people of the lower classes were still subjected to terror and coercion as a means of control, with straitjackets replacing chains.

Question 33

What is meant by moral treatment?

Answer 33

people had close contact with attendants, who talked and read to them and encouraged them to engage in purposeful activity; residents led lives as close to normal as pos- sible and in general took responsibility for themselves within the constraints of their disorders. There were to be no more than 250 in a given hospital .

Question 34

What helped cause a decline in moral treatment?

Answer 34

Dorothea Dix campaigned vigorously to improve the lives of people with psychological disorders and personally helped see that 32 hospitals were built. These large public hospitals took in many of the people whom the private hospitals could not accommodate. Unfortunately, the small staffs of these new hospitals were unable to provide the individual attention that was a hallmark of moral treatment