Introduction and Principles of Physiology

Question 1

The study of the biological functions or organs and their interrelationships.

Answer 1

Physiology

Question 2

Studies interplay of factors that affect growth (connectedness of each body aspect)

Answer 2

Physiology

Question 3

Brings together everything known about an animal’s function to create an integral picture of how an animal operates in its environment

Answer 3

Integrative science

Question 4

The developmental history of an organism, from fertilization to adulthood, including all the physiological and physical changes that occurred during that time.

Answer 4

Ontogeny

Question 5

Unlimited scheme of growth, relies on immediate nutrient resources, non-motile, use large amounts of CO2 etc.

Answer 5

Producers

Question 6

He is the father of modern physiology

Answer 6

Claude Bernard

Question 7

Coined the term “homeostasis” in 1932 to describe the stable internal environment of the body

Answer 7

Walter B. Cannon

Question 8

Studies the structure and function of various parts of animals and plants; how these parts work together to allow these organisms to perform normally.

Answer 8

Physiologists

Question 9

Control and regulation processes within groups of cells and how the combined activities of these cell groups affects the functions of the animal

Answer 9

Design experiments

Question 10

Hallmark of Physiology

Answer 10

Diversity

Question 11

Subdisciplines of Physiology

Answer 11

1. Comparative Physiology
2. Environmental Physiology
3. Evolutionary Physiology
4. Developmental Physiology
5. Cell Physiology

Question 12

Examines organisms in the context of their environments that they inhabit

Answer 12

Environmental Physiology

Question 13

Species are compared in order to discern physiological and environmental patterns

Answer 13

Comparative Physiology

Question 14

Information on the physiology of the cells themselves, which can be used to understand the physiological responses of tissues, organs, and organ systems

Answer 14

Cell Physiology

Question 15

To understand the evolution of organisms from physiological viewpoint, focusing on physiological markers rather than anatomic markers

Answer 15

Evolutionary Physiology

Question 16

Studies how physiological processes unfold during the course of organism development from embryo through larva or fetus to adulthood.

Answer 16

Developmental Physiology

Question 17

Theme of Physiology that states: Function is based on Structure

Form fits function at all the levels of life, from molecules to organism

Answer 17

Structure/Function Relationships

biological function at each level of organization depends on the structu

Question 18

A central theme of Physiology that states: Organisms Physiology is very well matched to the environment it occupies.

Answer 18

Adaptation, Acclimatization, Acclimation

Question 19

Evolution based on natural selection leading to an organisms physiology, anatomy, and behavior matching it’s surroundings.

Answer 19

Adaptation.

Question 20

A physiological process is _________

Answer 20

Adaptive

Question 21

Genetically based, passed from generations to generations and is constantly shaped and maintained by natural selection

Answer 21

Physiological and anatomic adaptations

Question 22

A physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an individual animal during its life that results from an animal’s chronic exposure in its native habitat to new, naturally occurring environmental condition

Answer 22

Acclimatization

Question 23

Refers to the same process as acclimatization when the changes are induced experimentally in the laboratory or in the wild by an investigator.

Answer 23

Acclimation

Question 24

A central theme of Physiology that states: The tendency of organisms to regulate and maintain
relative internal stability

Answer 24

Homeostasis

Question 25

"Constancy of the internal environment is the condition of free life"

Answer 25

Claude Bernard

Question 26

States that define homeostasis:

Answer 26

1. Dynamic Equilibrium 2. In spite of multiple stimuli 3. Maintained by negative feedback

Question 27

Factors that interact to maintain homeostasis

Answer 27

Chemical, thermal, and neural factors

Question 28

Homeostatic control systems

Answer 28

Receptor, Control center, Effector

Question 29

Regulation of homeostasis are maintained by ________ and ________ systems

Answer 29

Endocrine and Nervous

Question 30

Hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis

Answer 30

Insulin and glucagon

Question 31

Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas with alpha cells that produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin

Answer 31

islets of Langerhans

Question 32

Produced by the pancreas to regulate a stimulus of rising blood sugar level

Answer 32

Insulin

Question 33

Cells created by pancreas in response to a stimuli of low blood sugar level

Answer 33

Glucagon

Question 34

Hypo-insulinism (dependence on insulin)

Answer 34

Diabetes mellitus

Question 35

Diabetes that is dependent on insulin intake caused by an autoimmune disorder

Answer 35

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Question 36

Type of diabetes caused by unresponsiveness of cells towards insulin, lessening the glucose intake of the cells

Answer 36

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Question 37

Animals that can survive large fluctuations(changes) in the external osmolarity

Answer 37

Euryhaline animals

Question 38

Physiological trait of animals to survive complete water loss by going into a dormant state

Answer 38

Anhydrobiosis

Question 39

Detects the change(stimuli) in the body

Answer 39

Receptor

Question 40

Determines a set point(threshold) for a normal range

Answer 40

Control center

Question 41

Carries out the response determined by the control center

Answer 41

Effector

Question 42

Central theme of Physiology that states: Cells and Multicellular organisms maintain homeostasis based on ________

Answer 42

Feedback - Control systems

Question 43

Return of information to a controller that regulates a controlled variable

Answer 43

Feedback

Question 44

A regulatory mechanism where changes in the controlled variable opposes the change | Decreases the intesity of the stilmulus or eliminates it

Answer 44

Negative feedback | Ex. Thermostat

Question 45

Homeostatic control systems are maintained by

Answer 45

Negative feedback mechanisms

Question 46

A loop in which the response reduces the initial stimulus

Answer 46

Negative feedback

Question 47

Enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated

Answer 47

Positive feedback mechanism

Question 48

Positive feedback mechanisms usually controls _____________

Answer 48

Infrequent events

Question 49

Hormone that stimulates uterine contractions due to the stimuli of childbirth

Answer 49

Oxytocin

Question 50

Responsible for producing oxytocin that is released by the posterior pituitary

Answer 50

Hypothalamus

Question 51

Central theme of Physiology that states: When an organism is confronted by the changes in its environment, it responds in one or two ways:

Answer 51

Conformity and Regulation

Question 52

Organisms that parallel the external environmental challenges that changes internal body status

Answer 52

Conformers

Question 53

Biochemical, physiological, behavioral, and other mechanisms regulate their internal environment over a broad range of external environmental changes

Answer 53

Regulators

Question 54

Organisms that maintain ion concentrations of bodily fluids above environmental levels when placed in diluted or saturated water

Answer 54

Osmoregulator

Question 55

Trait that is based largely on controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment

Answer 55

Osmoregulation