Introduction: Electrotherapy Flashcards by Kyla Ongsiaco

may be defined as that which occupies
space & comprises a great number of different
materials.

matter

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the smallest particle of an element that
can take part in a chemical reaction

Atom

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particle c very small mass, < 10-13
cm diameter; (+) electric charge

Proton

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same mass as proton; no charg

Neutron

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1/1850 of proton; (-) charge

Electron

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the smallest particle of any
substance, element or compound that can
exist alone

Molecule

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a basic substance which cannot
be split into simpler substances (ex. Na, Cl)

Elements

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a substance formed by the
union of 2 or more elements (ex. NaCl)

Compound

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a contact for the induction or
detection of electric activity

ELECTRODE

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medium for conducting an electric current
from the body to physiologic monitoring;

ELECTRODE

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plate that receives excess
electrons from the negative pole of the
source of current

Cathode

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plate that develops a deficiency of
electrons being connected to positive pole

Anode

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process in which electric
energy causes a chemical change in a
conducting medium; usually a solution or a
molten substance; means breaking down by
electricity

ELECTROLYSIS

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an atom or group of atoms bearing a
(-) or (+) electric charge

IONS

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a positively charge ion that in
solution is attracted to (-) electrode
(cathode)

Cations

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a negatively charged ion that is
attracted to (+) electrode (anode) in
electrolysis.

Anion

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a substance which
contains ions; an element or compound
that when melted or dissolved in water or
other solvent, dissociates into ions & is
able to conduct an electric current

ELECTROLYTES

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a non-conducting substance
that offers a barrier to the passage of heat
or electricity

INSULATORS

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any substance through
which electrons flow easily; materials
which readily permit the movement of
electrons

CONDUCTORS

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EMF

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE

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produced by chemical action in
a cell; the cell consists of 2 dissimilar
metals immersed in an electrolyte & the
principle underlying its action is the
behavior of a metal immersed in a
solution (electrolysis)

EMF

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DIFFERENT METHODS OF
PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY

Charging by friction
Chemical action- in cells
Electromagnetic Induction- in dynamo

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simplest way of producing a static electric
charge is by friction between two dissimilar
materials

Charging by friction

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in dynamo

Electromagnetic Induction

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used for the production of an EMF by electromagnetic induction; a collecting device used to convey the current from the moving coil of wire to the external circuit;

Dynamo

it is used for all large scale production of electricity, including for the main supply

Dynamo

EMI

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

The production of an EMF in a conductor by interaction bet. The conductor and magnetic lines of force

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

PRODUCTION OF EMF IN EMI

* Essentials for EMI are * Conductor * Magnetic lines of force * Movement of one of these relative to the others

is the production of electrical properties in one object, which must be a conductor of electricity by the magnetic lines of force surrounding another object; the two object do not come in contact with each other, but it is necessary for to move relative to the other as it only when magnetic lines of force cut across the conduction or vice versa that the EMF is produced

EMI

connected to milliameter Bar Magnet (provides the magnetic lines of force

* Coil of wire (conductor)

thermocouple

HEAT

- in a photoelectric celL * the energy emitted by electromagnetic radiation such as radio waves, visible lights, Xrays and gamma rays

RADIANT ENERGY

flows of electrons constitutes an electric current which passes from negative to positive; In the past it is usual to trace currents from positive to negative

ELECTRON THEORY

this theory postulated that electricity was an invisible & weightless fluid, present on all objects but capable of being disturbed

ONE FLUID THEORY

Characteristics of Charged Body

a) Distribution of the Charge b) Behavior of like & unlike charges c) Transmission of Electric Charge

Is always held on the surface of the object; the charge tends to concentrate where the curvature of the surface is greatest; it spreads evenly over a sphere but concentrates at the edges & corners of a flat plate

-Electric charge

Like charges repel; unlike charges attract (true or false)

true

An electrically charged object can produce charge on another object by contact or by induction.

Transmission of Electric Charge

production of static electric charge in one object by another without contact between them.;

ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION

the area around a charged body in which the forces resulting from the charge are apparent; it is most concentrated close to the charged object, becoming weaker as the distance from it increases (forces of attraction or repulsion

ELECTRIC FIELD

the forces resulting from the charge act along definite line

ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE-

straight lines radiating outwards & perpendicular to the surface

* Sphere

most concentrated at the edges or points

Irregular Body

LOF pass from one to another but spread out somewhat especially at the edges of the field as they tend to repel each other

Between 2 objects with opposite charges-

LOF concentrate on it because they can pass through it easily

If with Conductor

properties exhibited by charged body result from the stored up or potential, energy of its electric charge & its electrical conditio

ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL

- an object with excess electrons

Negative Potential

one with deficiency in electron

Positive Potential

Unit for potential

volt

The potential varies ______ with the quantity of electricity with which the object is charged

directly

quantity of electricity measured; SI unit for electric charge

coulombs

ability of an object to hold an electric charge & depends on

CAPACITY

Conductors have the greatest power of storing a chargE

Material

charge is always on the surface of the object; so the greater the surface area the greater is the capacitY

Surface area

The potential varies ______ with the capacity of the object

inversely

Electrical potential varies ______ with the quantity of charge & inversely with the capacity of the objecT

DIRECTLY

2 Essential for electric current production

* Circuit * Difference of potential

gives rise to a force, known or EMF; Is maintained and current continues to flow

Potential difference

frictional force that opposes the flow of an electric charge; measured in ohms

Resistance

FACTOR AFFECTING RESISTANCE

1. The material of the conductor 2. the length of the pathway 3. Cross-sectional area of the conductor 4. Temperature

resistances are connected together end to end so that the current has only one pathway. R= total resistance

RESISTANCES IN SERIES-

resistances are connected so that they tap the main circuit at two points & thus provide alternative pathways for the currenT

RESISTANCES IN PARALLEL

the relationship between EMF, resistance & intensity of CurrenT

Ohm’s Law-

The Intensity of an electric current varies _______ with the EMF & ________ with the resistance of the conductor

DIRECTLY ; INVERSELY

DEVICES WHICH REGULATE INTENSITY OF CURRENTS

1. Rheostat 2. Variable resistance 3. Potential divider

it consist of a coil of wire of some material offering a fairly high resistance such as german silver, wound on a block of insulating material; may be straight or circular in shapE

1. Rheostat

aka series rheostat; while suitable for regulating current supplied to certain pieces of apparatus, such as UVR lamps; this device cannot be used for regulating the current to a pt because a pt in the circuit would receive a shocK

2. Variable resistance

this device enables the current to be regulated from zero, so it is suitable for controlling the current supplied to a pt.

Potential divider

production of electric or magnetic properties in one object by another without contact between them

* INDUCTION-

is the production of a static electric charge in one object by another without contact between them

ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION

production of an electrical properties in one object by magnetic lines of force surrounding another object without contact between them

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

the area around a charged body in which the forces resulting from the charge are apparenT

ELECTRIC FIELD

a difference of potential gives rise to a force known as

EMF

an electric current that flows in one direction only & is substantially constant in value

DIRECT CURRENT

an electric current that reverses direction, according to a consistent sinusoidal pattern

ALTERNATING CURRENT

states that the amount of heat produced in a conductor is proportional to the square of the intensity of current, the resistance & the time for which the current flows

JOULE’S LAW-

- are compounds whose molecules consist of the ions of the constituent elements held together by the attraction of their opposite electrical chargeS

ELECTROVALENT COMPOUNDS

elements are held together by shared electron bonds

COVALENT COMPOUNDS

groups of atoms which are frequently found in union with each other

RADICALS-

substance which contains more hydrogen than hydroxyl ions

ACID

SUubstance which contains more hydroxyl than hydrogen ions

ALKALI-

forces acting along a definite lines

MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE

The strength of the induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic fielD

FARADAY’S LAW

the direction of the induced EMF is such that it tends to oppose the force producinG

* LENZ’S LAW-

circular currents at right angle to the magnetic lines of force; undesirable as they tend to reduce the magnetic effect of the current by setting up a magnetic field in opposition to the original one

EDDY CURRENTS

a collecting device used to convey the current from the moving coil of wire to the external circuit; this may transmit the A.C directly to the circuit or may change into D.C

DYNAMO-

Introduction: Electrotherapy Flashcards

(87 cards)