Introduction Gross Anatomy and Histology of the Urinary System

Question 1

What is the urinary system composed of?

Answer 1

Kidneys

Ureters

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Question 2

What are some functions of the urinary system?

Answer 2

• Removes metabolic waste from blood by filtration and excretion
• Regulates plasma electrolytes and blood pressure (by renin-angiotensin mechanism)
• Helps to stabilise the pH
• Reabsorption of small molecules (amino acids, glucose and peptides)
• Produces erythropoietin (a stimulant of RBC production by bone marrow

Question 3

By what mechanism does the urinary system regulate plasma electrolyte and blood pressure?

Answer 3

Renin-angiotensin mechanism

Question 4

By what processes does the urinary system remove metabolic waste from blood?

Answer 4

Filtration and excretion

Question 5

What are some examples of small molecules that the urinary system reabsorbs?

Answer 5

Amino acids

Glucose

Peptides

Question 6

What is erythropoietin?

Answer 6

Stimulat of RBC production by bone marrow

Question 7

Are the kidneys retro or intraperitoneal structures?

Answer 7

Retroperitoneal

Question 8

Between what spinal levels do the kidneys lie?

Answer 8

T12-L3

Question 9

Do the kidneys lie level to each other? If not, why is this?

Answer 9

Right kidney is slightly lower than left kidney due to liver

Question 10

Are the kidneys fully or partially peritonised?

Answer 10

Partially peritonised

Question 11

What are some of the anterior relations of each kidney?

Answer 11

Question 12

What are some of the posterior relations of each kidney?

Answer 12

Question 13

What nerves run posterior accross each kidney?

Answer 13

Iliohypogastric nerve

Ilioinguinal nerve

Question 14

Describe the structures surrounding the actual kidney from superficial to deep?

Answer 14

Question 15

What is A?

Answer 15

A = interlobar arteries and veins

Question 16

What is B?

Answer 16

B = renal artery

Question 17

What ic C?

Answer 17

C = renal vein

Question 18

What is D?

Answer 18

D = ureter

Question 19

What is E?

Answer 19

E = renal pyramids

Question 20

What is F?

Answer 20

F = minor calyx

Question 21

What is G?

Answer 21

G = major calyx

Question 22

What is H?

Answer 22

H = renal pelvis

Question 23

What is I?

Answer 23

I = capsule

Question 24

what is J?

Answer 24

J = medulla

Question 25

what is K?

Answer 25

K = cortex

Question 26

What is L?

Answer 26

L = nephrons

Question 27

What is the arrangement of the artery, vein and pelvis from anterior to posterior of the kidney?

Answer 27

Vein, artery then pelvis (remember VAP)

Question 28

What does the renal arteries branch from?

Answer 28

Abdominal aorta

Question 29

What do the renal arteries branch into?

Answer 29

* Segmental branches (x5) * Interlobar * Arcuate * Branches pass around the circumference * Interlobular * Branches which ultimately supply each nephrone * So is non-anastomosing

Question 30

What do the renal veins drain into?

Answer 30

Inferior vena cava

Question 31

What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys?

Answer 31

Lateral aortic lymph nodes

Question 32

What is the plexus called that innervates the kidneys?

Answer 32

Renal plexus

Question 33

What supplies the renal plexus?

Answer 33

* Sympathetic T10-L1 * Sensory afferent T11-L2

Question 34

What is the urinary bladder composed of?

Answer 34

* Median umbilical ligament * Embryonic urachus * Two medial umbilical folds * Occluded umbilical artery * Two lateral umbilical folds * Inferior epigastric vessels

Question 35

What embryological structure forms the median umbilical ligament?

Answer 35

Embryonic urachus

Question 36

How is the bladder peritonised?

Answer 36

Question 37

What are the different parts of the male urethra?

Answer 37

Intramural Prostatic Intermediate Spongy

Question 38

Describe the nervous innervation of the bladder?

Answer 38

The **pelvic nerves** - S2-S4 level sacral level * main **parasympathetic** nerves and **‘make you pee’** * contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal sphincter. The **hypogastric nerves** - T10-12 level of the spinal cord * main sympathetic nerves and ‘stop you peeing’ * promote detrusor relaxation and internal sphincter contraction. The **pudendal nerves**- S2-S4 sacral level * main somatic nerves * innervate the striated muscle of the pelvic floor and the external sphincter.

Question 39

What part of the male urethra recieves the ejaculatory duct?

Answer 39

Prostatic urethra

Question 40

What is the medical term for the action of urinating?

Answer 40

Micturition

Question 41

What is the functional unit of the urinary system?

Answer 41

Nephron

Question 42

What is the uriniferous tubule composed of?

Answer 42

Nephron and collecting duct

Question 43

What is the nephron composed of?

Answer 43

Renal corpuscles and renal tubules

Question 44

What is the renal corpuscles composed of?

Answer 44

Glomerulus and bowmen's capsule

Question 45

What is the class of the epithelium in the collecting tubules of the kidneys?

Answer 45

Cuboidal

Question 46

What is the class of the loop of Henle epithelium in the kidney medulla?

Answer 46

Squamous epithelium

Question 47

What is the class of the ureter epithelium?

Answer 47

Transitional epithelium

Question 48

How is the lumen of the ureters shaped?

Answer 48

Star shaped

Question 49

What muscles are in the wall of the ureters?

Answer 49

Inner longitudinal smooth muscle Outer circular smooth muscle

Question 50

What is the classification of epithelium in the bladder?

Answer 50

Transitional epithelium

Question 51

What muscles are in the wall of the bladder?

Answer 51

Inner longitudinal smooth muscle Middle circular smooth muscle Outer longitudinal smooth muscle

Question 52

What are some common diseases of the urinary system?

Answer 52

* Urinary tract infection (UTI) * Glomerulonephritis * Kidney stone/renal calculi * Kidney failure and dialysis * Urinary incontinence * Common after childbirth/old age/in female

Question 53

What does UTI stand for?

Answer 53

Urinary tract infection

Question 54

What are some important markers of kidney disease?

Answer 54

* High protein (albumin) levels in urine * Proteinuria * Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) * Increased level of serum creatinine/urea

Question 55

What is the medical term for high protein in urine?

Answer 55

Proteinuria

Question 56

What does GFR stand for?

Answer 56

Glomerular filtration rate

Question 57

What are some common congenital abnormalities of the urinary system?

Answer 57

Aberrant renal arteries Horseshoe kidney Pelvic kidney Unilateral double kidney