Introduction Lecture (L 1)

Question 1

What is pathology?

Answer 1

The study of diseases, how they are caused, how they develop, and how they affect the body.

Question 2

What is anatomical pathology?

Answer 2

It is the examination of tissues, organs, and whole bodies (autopsies) in order to diagnose diseases.
Subfields include histopathology, cytopathology, and forensic pathology .

Question 3

What is clinical pathology?

Answer 3

Clinical pathology is the examination of bodily fluids in order to diagnose diseases.
This includes clinical chemistry, hematology, microbiology, immunology, and transfusion medicine .

Question 4

What is molecular pathology?

Answer 4

Molecular pathology involves the examination of molecules within tissues and fluids in order to study diseases and diagnose them.

Question 5

When is molecular pathology used?

Answer 5

Molecular pathology is used extensively in cancer diagnostics, genetic disorders ,and personalized medicine

Question 6

What is systemic pathology?

Answer 6

Systemic pathology involves the study of diseases affecting particular organ systems, for example, cardiovascular pathology and pulmonary pathology.

Question 7

What is experimental pathology?

Answer 7

Experimental pathology is researching in order to understand the mechanisms of disease development and progression. It also incorporates the uses of laboratory techniques and animal models in order to study the disease processes and discover new treatment.

Question 8

What is digital pathology?

Answer 8

Pathology uses computer-based technology to analyze pathology images. This allows digitalization of slides, remote consultations, and advanced image analysis using AI.

Question 9

What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ?

Answer 9

It is a molecular biology technique where DNA sequences will be amplified for reasons like genotyping, cloning, and mutation analysis

Question 10

What is quantitative PCR (qPCR)?

Answer 10

It is a molecular biology technique that aims to measure the amount of DNA or RNA in a sample

Question 11

What is next generation sequencing (NGS)?

Answer 11

It is a molecular biology method for DNA or RNA sequencing that allows for comprehensive genetic analysis

Question 12

What is Sanger sequencing?

Answer 12

It is a molecular biology technique of DNA sequencing it is used for small projects for example projects that involve sequencing a limited number of DNA samples or specific gene regions. It is also used for verification of next generation sequencing results.

Question 13

What is Sanger sequencing?

Answer 13

This is molecular biology technique of DNA sequencing it is used for small projects for example projects that involve sequencing a limited number of DNA samples or specific gene regions. It is also used for verification of next generation sequencing results.

Question 14

What is CRISPR-Cas9?

Answer 14

It is a genome editing tool to used for knockout, knock-in or modification studies

Question 15

What are microarrays?

Answer 15

Microarrays are genomic analysis tools used for gene expression profiling, (single nucleotide polymorphisms) SNP genotyping, and comparative genomic hybridization

Question 16

What are some bioinformatics tools?

Answer 16

Softwares like BLAST, UCSC genome browser, and Ensembl for genomic data analysis (they can all be used as genomic analysis tools)

Question 17

What is western blotting?

Answer 17

Western blotting is a proteomics technique used to detect specific proteins using antibodies

Question 18

What is mass spectrometry?

Answer 18

It is a proteomics technique used to identify and quantify proteins, post translational modifications, and protein interactions

Question 19

What is ELISA?

Answer 19

It’s a proteomics technique used to quantify proteins, antibodies, or hormones in sample

Question 20

What is flow cytometry?

Answer 20

Analyzes physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles

Question 21

What is histopathology?

Answer 21

Histopathology is the study of tissue samples to diagnose diseases based on changes in the tissue structure and composition

Question 22

What is immunohistochemistry (IHC)?

Answer 22

It is a histopathology technique used to detect specific antigens in tissues using antibodies

Question 23

What is In Situ Hybridization (ISH)?

Answer 23

It is a histopathology technique used to detect specific nucleic acid sequences within fixed tissues and cells

Question 24

What is tissue microarray?

Answer 24

It is a histopathology technique used to analyze multiple tissue samples simultaneously (on a single slide? To study biomarkers and disease characteristics) and it is useful in large scale studies

Question 25

What is fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)?

Answer 25

It is a cytogenetic technique within the umbrella of In Situ Hybridization (ISH), it utilizes fluorescent labels to detect and localize specific DNA sequences on chromosomes

Question 26

What is fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)?

Answer 26

It is a cytogenetic technique within the umbrella of In Situ Hybridization (ISH), it utilizes fluorescent labels to detect and localize specific DNA sequences on chromosomes

Question 27

What is Karyotyping?

Answer 27

It is a cytogenetic technique that aims to analyze chromosome structures, number, and form. This helps in identifying genetic abnormalities.

Question 28

What is comparative genomic hybridization (CGH)?

Answer 28

It is a cytogenetic technique that detects copy number variations (CNVs) across the genome (if there is a gene lost or gained)

Question 29

What is a primary cell culture?

Answer 29

A cell culture technique where cells are grown directly from tissues.

Question 30

What are immortalized cell lines?

Answer 30

A cell culture techniques where (Cells that have been genetically modified to divide indefinitely?) this is used for long term studies, drug screenings, and molecular biology experiments

Question 31

What is 3D cell culture?

Answer 31

It is a cell culturing technique where cells are grown in a 3D environment that mimics the natural tissue structures (it models the in vivo environment more accurately)

Question 32

What is coronary artery disease?

Answer 32

It is when the coronary arteries are blocked leading to a reduced blood supply to the heart, considering that the coronary arteries are the only source of blood for the heart muscle

Question 33

What does ischemia mean?

Answer 33

An insufficient amount of blood

Question 34

What is a major cause for ischemic heart disease (IHD)?

Answer 34

The formation of atherosclerotic plaque, this leads to an imbalance in O2 supply and demand, where the demand will be high but it wont be met because the supply is low

Question 35

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 35

Lipid deposition in the vessel intima, it is associated with inflammation, scarring, and calcification. It is primarily an arterial disorder. Atherosclerosis is the cause for many vascular disease (coronary, cerebral, and peripheral) it leads to higher morbidity and mortality rates

Question 36

What is the global burden of cardiovascular disease?

Answer 36

1) Atherosclerosis is highly prevalent in industrialized countries, and is growing in all geographic regions. 2) Around 18 million people die yearly from CVD The increase rates of CVD can be explained by the increase in risk elements: Hypertension is predicted to increase by 80% in developing countries, and diabesity is predicted to increase.

Question 37

What does etiology mean?

Answer 37

The cause or origin of a disease, it focuses on identifying and understanding the factors or reasons that lead to the development of a disease.

Question 38

What are uncontrollable risk factors of CAD?

Answer 38

1)Gender (Females have estrogen, which protects the heart by improving the lipid profile, reducing inflammation, this makes females less susceptible to CAD) (does not affect as much in menopausal women) 2)Hereditary factors (genetic hypercholesterolemia) 3)age

Question 39

What are controllable risk factors of CAD?

Answer 39

1) High blood pressure 2) high blood cholesterol 3) smoking 4)physical activity 5) Obesity 6)Diabetes 7) stress and anger

Question 40

What are intimal lesions?

Answer 40

Abnormalities in the innermost layer of a blood vessel (the intima) this could be a buildup of plaque

Question 41

What are atheromas?

Answer 41

Intimal lesions caused by risk factors, they are fatty deposits inside the arteries that can lead to atherosclerosis. Atheromas can protrude into the vessel lumens and affect the blood flow

Question 42

What is the relationship between inflammation and atherogenesis?

Answer 42

Inflammation is present in all stages of atherogenesis, it is linked with the formation of atherosclerotic plaque and rupture (rupture can expose that material and lead to blood clots), evidence says that inflammation plays a key role in the clinical manifestation of CAD.