Introduction of endocrinology

Question 1

3 types of glands classified based on their site of action

Answer 1

endocrine
paracrine
autocrine

Question 2

these glands release hormones where / affect what?

endocrine:
paracrine:
autocrine:

Answer 2

endocrine: blood
paracrine: surrounding cells
autocrine: act on their own glandular cells

Question 3

define down-regulation and up-regulation

Answer 3

down-regulation: ↓ target cell receptors when ↑ hormone

up-regulation: ↑ target cell receptors when ↓ hormone

Question 4

what is “permissive effect”?

Answer 4

When the actions of a hormone on target cells requires a simultaneous or recent exposure to another hormone

the permissive hormone is the first (the one needed for the second to work)

Question 5

what is “synergistic effect”

Answer 5

2 hormones together have a greater effect

Question 6

what is “antagonistic effect”

Answer 6

One hormone opposes the action of another hormone

Question 7

Negative and positive feedback

Answer 7

negative: axis hormone increase when regulatory hormone is low
positive: axis increase when regulatory hormone high

Question 8

2 examples of negative feedback

Answer 8

T4 & TSH

Cortisol and ACTH

Question 9

2 examples of positive feedback

Answer 9

estrogen and pituitary hormones

oxytocin and milk

Question 10

list of endocrine glands & organs with endocrine functions

Answer 10

hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
thymus
pancreas
adrenals
gonads (testes and ovaries)
\+ heart, lung, kidneys, intestine, placenta, brain

Question 11

9 endocrine glands and 6 organs with endocrine functions

Answer 11

Endocrine glands

1- Hypothalamus
2- Pituitary gland
3- Thyroid gland.
4- Parathyroid glands
5- Suprarenal glands
6- Endocrine portion of the pancreas
7- Primary sex organs: testes and ovaries
8- Thymus gland
9- Pineal gland

Organs with endocrine functions

1- Heart
2- Kidney
3- Liver
4- Skin
5-GIT
6- Placenta

Question 12

Tropic hormones are hormones that

Answer 12

have other endocrine glands as their target

Question 13

8 hormones produced by hypothalamus

Answer 13

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Somatostatin
Oxytocin
ADH
Dopamine

Question 14

anterior pituitary is also called

Answer 14

adenohypophysis

Question 15

posterior pituitary is also called

Answer 15

neurohypophysis

Question 16

6 hormones produced by anterior pituitary

Answer 16

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin

Question 17

hormones produced by posterior pituitary

Answer 17

trick question! the posterior pituitary doesn’t synthesize any hormones

Question 18

hormones released by the posterior pituitary:

Answer 18

ADH & oxytocin

Question 19

9 common presenting symptoms in endocrinology

Answer 19

lethargy & depression
weight gain
weight loss
polyuria & polydipsia
heat intolerance
palpitation
headache
muscle weakness (usually proximal)
coarsening of features

Question 20

what is the most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with lethargy and depression?

Answer 20

hypothyroidism
hyperparathyroidism
DM
hypogonadism
adrenal insufficiency
cushing's syndrome

Question 21

most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with weight gain

Answer 21

hypothyroidism

cushing’s syndrome

Question 22

most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with weight loss

Answer 22

thyrotoxicosis
adrenal insufficiency
DM

Question 23

most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with polyuria and polydipsia

Answer 23

DM
Diabetes insipidus
hyperparathyroidism
hypokalemia (Conn’s syndrome)

Question 24

most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with heat intolerance

Answer 24

thyrotoxicosis

menopause

Question 25

most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with palpitations

Answer 25

thyrotoxicosis | phaeochromocytoma

Question 26

most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with headache

Answer 26

acromegaly pituitary tumor phaeochromocytoma

Question 27

most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with muscle weakness

Answer 27

``` thyrotoxicosis hyperparathyroidism cushing's syndrome hypokalemia hypogonadism ```

Question 28

most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with coarsening of features

Answer 28

acromegaly | hypothyroidism

Question 29

examination for endocrine diseases should include 12 areas

Answer 29

1. height & weight 2. hands 3. skin 4. pulse 5. BP 6. head 7. neck 8. breasts 9. body fat 10. bones 11. genitalia 12. legs

Question 30

what hormone has pulsatile secretion?

Answer 30

growth hormone

Question 31

what hormone has diurnal variation?

Answer 31

cortisol

Question 32

what 2 hormones have monthly variation?

Answer 32

estrogen and progestrone

Question 33

Stimulation test when you suspect ______ | Suppresion test when you suspect over ______

Answer 33

insufficiency | over production

Question 34

______ test when you suspect insufficiency | ______ test when you suspect over production

Answer 34

Stimulation | Suppresion

Question 35

name ALL 7 investigations used to diagnose endocrine diseases:

Answer 35

``` specific non specific autoimmune antibodies urine genetic imaging biopsy ```