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CHM136 > Introduction of Organic Compounds > Flashcards

Introduction of Organic Compounds Flashcards

Carbon, Compounds, and Nomenclature (79 cards)

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The study of compounds containing carbon, focusing on their structure and reactivity.

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2
Q

Why is carbon special in organic chemistry?

A

Carbon has unique bonding properties, forms covalent bonds with many elements, and can form chains, rings, and complex molecules.

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3
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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4
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Organic compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen.

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5
Q

What are the three types of hydrocarbons?

A
  • Alkanes (C-C bonds) * Alkenes (C=C bonds) * Alkynes (C≡C bonds)
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6
Q

What does VSEPR stand for?

A

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory

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7
Q

What is the bond angle in a tetrahedral geometry?

A

About 109°

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8
Q

What is the bond angle in a trigonal planar geometry?

A

About 120°

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9
Q

What is the bond angle in a linear geometry?

A

180°

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10
Q

What are the two types of covalent bonds?

A
  • Sigma (σ) bonds * Pi (π) bonds
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11
Q

Define electronegativity.

A

The ability of an atom to pull electrons toward itself through a bond.

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12
Q

What is a Lewis structure?

A

A representation of how atoms are connected in a molecule.

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13
Q

How do you calculate formal charge?

A

Formal Charge = (group #) – (# of bonds) – (# non-bonded electrons)

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14
Q

What is the significance of hybrid orbitals?

A

They explain the observed geometries of molecules by mixing atomic orbitals.

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15
Q

What hybridization is used in methane (CH4)?

A

sp3 hybridization

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16
Q

What hybridization is used in formaldehyde (CH2O)?

A

sp2 hybridization

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17
Q

What hybridization is used in acetylene (C2H2)?

A

sp hybridization

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18
Q

What is the maximum number of covalent bonds a carbon atom can form?

A

Four covalent bonds

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19
Q

True or False: Organic chemistry is only about memorizing chemical reactions.

A

False

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: Organic chemistry allows for understanding of biological processes at a _______ level.

A

molecular

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21
Q

What is the role of valence electrons in bonding?

A

Valence electrons participate in bonding and are less stable.

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22
Q

What is the typical bond length and angle for sp3 hybridized carbon?

A

Bond length is identical; bond angle is 109.5°.

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23
Q

What is a common example of a simple hydrocarbon?

A

Gasoline, which consists of hydrocarbons with 4-12 carbon atoms.

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24
Q

What is the shape of p orbitals?

A

Dumbbell shape with two lobes separated by a node.

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25
What does the Pauli Exclusion Principle state?
A maximum of two spin paired electrons can occupy an orbital.
26
What is the significance of the MPTP case study?
MPTP was recognized as a tool to rapidly induce symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
27
What is required to successfully study organic chemistry?
Active problem-solving, visualization of molecules, and drawing chemical structures.
28
What is the purpose of hybridization in bonding?
To achieve the observed geometries consistent with experimental values.
29
What type of bonds are formed through side-by-side orbital overlap of two 2py orbitals and two 2pz orbitals?
C-C π bonds
30
What is the hybridization of nitrogen when applying the same techniques used for carbon?
sp3
31
How many σ bonds are formed by overlap of sp3 orbital on nitrogen with 1s orbital on hydrogen?
Three σ bonds
32
What is the hybridization of oxygen when applying the same techniques used for carbon?
sp3
33
How many σ bonds are formed by overlap of sp3 orbital on oxygen with 1s orbital on hydrogen?
Two σ bonds
34
What is the geometry and bond angle for an atom with 4 groups around it?
tetrahedral, 109.5°
35
What is the geometry and bond angle for an atom with 3 groups around it?
trigonal, 120°
36
What is the geometry and bond angle for an atom with 2 groups around it?
linear, 180°
37
What are molecules with the same molecular formula but different bonding called?
constitutional isomers
38
What is the method called for showing 3-D molecules using wedged and dashed bonds?
Wedged and Dashed Bonds
39
What does resonance describe in bonding situations with π bonds?
Delocalized π-bonding
40
What is a resonance hybrid?
A blend of all resonance forms showing delocalized electrons
41
What are the characteristics of high-quality resonance forms?
* Most atoms with full octets * Fewest number of formal charges * Negative charges on the most electronegative atoms * Positive charges on the most electropositive atoms * Like charges separated by maximum distance
42
What is the inductive effect in polar covalent bonds?
Distribution of electron density due to differences in electronegativity
43
What determines bond polarity?
Differences in electronegativity of the elements involved
44
What is the measurable property of a molecule that describes a separation of charge?
Dipole moment
45
What type of interactions occur between the negative end of a permanent dipole and the positive end of another?
Dipole-dipole interactions
46
What type of bonding occurs between a nitrogen or oxygen lone pair and a hydrogen in OH or NH?
Hydrogen bonding
47
What are dispersion forces?
Attractive interactions that exist between all molecules in close proximity
48
What is the effect of increasing the size of an alkane on its melting and boiling points?
Increases due to increasing dispersion forces
49
What principle explains the solubility of substances in solvents?
Like dissolves like
50
What are the three types of solvents?
* Polar protic solvents * Polar aprotic solvents * Non-polar solvents
51
What are functional groups in organic chemistry?
Atoms or specific groups of atoms that give molecules distinct reactivity and properties
52
How are organic compounds named according to IUPAC?
By a systematic process that includes prefix, root, and suffix
53
What does the suffix in an IUPAC name identify?
The highest priority group
54
What does the root in an IUPAC name identify?
The longest carbon chain and the nature of the C-C bonds present
55
What are the types of carbonyl groups?
* Ketone * Aldehyde * Carboxylic Acid * Ester * Amide
56
What are the characteristics of alcohol functional groups?
Contain -OH (hydroxyl) groups
57
What is the significance of the C-F bond in PFAS compounds?
Provides unique heat, stain, and water-resistant properties but is resistant to degradation
58
What are the three parts of a name in IUPAC naming of organic compounds?
Prefix, root, suffix ## Footnote The prefix is based on substituents, the root identifies the longest carbon chain, and the suffix identifies the highest priority group.
59
What does the suffix in an IUPAC name identify?
The highest priority group ## Footnote Suffixes can indicate functional groups like -ol for alcohols or -al for aldehydes.
60
What does the root name in IUPAC naming specify?
The longest carbon chain in the molecule ## Footnote It may also describe the nature of the C-C bonds present.
61
What is the suffix for alkanes?
-ane ## Footnote Alkanes are hydrocarbons with all single bonds.
62
What is the suffix for alkenes?
-ene ## Footnote Alkenes contain one or more double bonds.
63
What is the suffix for alkynes?
-yne ## Footnote Alkynes contain one or more triple bonds.
64
What is the IUPAC suffix for alcohols?
-ol ## Footnote Alcohols are indicated with the lowest possible number along the parent chain.
65
What IUPAC suffix is used for aldehydes?
-al ## Footnote Aldehydes are always at carbon 1 in the chain.
66
What is the IUPAC suffix for ketones?
-one ## Footnote The position of ketones is indicated with the lowest possible number.
67
What suffix is used for carboxylic acids?
-oic acid ## Footnote Carboxylic acids are a type of functional group in organic compounds.
68
What suffix is used for esters?
-oate ## Footnote The group on the oxygen is named first in the ester's name.
69
What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?
CnH2n ## Footnote Cycloalkanes contain one ring.
70
What are the four types of carbon atoms?
1° (primary), 2° (secondary), 3° (tertiary), 4° (quaternary) ## Footnote These classifications depend on how many other carbons a carbon atom is bonded to.
71
How do you identify the type of alcohol?
By the type of carbon atoms bonded to the OH ## Footnote Types include 1° alcohol, 2° alcohol, and 3° alcohol.
72
How do you identify amines and amides?
By the number of carbon atoms bonded to the nitrogen ## Footnote Types include 1° amine, 2° amine, 1° amide, and 2° amide.
73
What is the naming order for substituents in IUPAC naming?
Substituents are listed in alphabetical order ## Footnote Prefixes like di-, tri- are not considered in alphabetical ordering.
74
What is the prefix for two identical substituents?
di ## Footnote This prefix is used in the naming of organic compounds.
75
What is the prefix for three identical substituents?
tri ## Footnote This prefix indicates the presence of three identical substituents.
76
What is the prefix for four identical substituents?
tetra ## Footnote This prefix indicates the presence of four identical substituents.
77
What do you do if there is branching an equal distance from both ends of the parent chain?
Begin at the terminus nearer the second branch point ## Footnote This is to ensure the lowest possible numbers for substituents.
78
What do you use to name complex substituents?
Use the suffix -yl and number from the carbon attaching to the parent chain ## Footnote This method treats complex substituents as individual compounds.
79
What is the rule for numbering when naming branched hydrocarbons?
Number the main chain starting from the end nearer the first branch point ## Footnote This ensures that substituents receive the lowest possible numbers.

CHM136 (4 decks)

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