INTRODUCTION PT 2

Question 1

Like multiprocessor systems, but multiple systems working together

Answer 1

CLUSTERED SYSTEMS

Question 2

Usually sharing storage via a storage-area network (SAN)

Answer 2

CLUSTERED SYSTEMS

Question 3

• Provides a high-availability service which survives failures

Answer 3

CLUSTERED SYSTEMS

Question 4

WHAT DOES SAN MEANS?

Answer 4

STORAGE AREA NETWORK

Question 5

2 TYPES OF CLUSTERED SYSTEMS

Answer 5

ASYMMETRIC CLUSTERING

SYMMETRIC CLUSTERING

Question 6

• has one machine in hot-standby mode

Answer 6

ASYMMETRIC CLUSTERING

Question 7

• has multiple nodes running applications, monitoring each other

Answer 7

SYMMETRIC CLUSTERING

Question 8

Applications must be written to use parallelization

Answer 8

TRUE FOR CLUSTERED SYSTEMS

Question 9

Some clusters are for high-performance computing (HPC

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

needed for efficiency in operating system structure

Answer 10

Multiprogramming

Question 11

WHAT DOES HPC MEANS

Answer 11

High-Performance Computing

Question 12

Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times

Answer 12

true

Question 13

organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU always has one to execute

Answer 13

Multiprogramming

Question 14

• A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory

Answer 14

TRUE

Question 15

One job selected and run via job scheduling

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another job

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

is logical extension in which CPU switches jobs so frequently that users can interact with each job while it is running, creating interactive computing

Answer 17

Timesharing (multitasking)

Question 18

response time should be what

Answer 18

<1 second

Question 19

Each user has at least one program executing in memory process

Answer 19

operating system structure

Question 20

If several jobs ready to run at the same time

Answer 20

cpu scheduling

Question 21

If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out to run

Answer 21

true

Question 22

allows execution of processes not completely in memory

Answer 22

virtual memory

Question 23

Interrupt driven by hardware

• Software error or request creates _________ or ____
• Division by zero, request for operating system service
• Other process problems include infinite loop, processes modifying each other or the operating system

Answer 23

exception or trap

Question 24

operation allows OS to protect itself and other system components

Answer 24

dual mode

Question 25

what are the 2 types of dual mode

Answer 25

user mode and kernel mode

Question 26

provided by hardware

Answer 26

mode bit

Question 27

Provides ability to distinguish when system is running user code or kernel code Some instructions designated as privileged, only executable in kernel mode ■ System call changes mode to kernel, return from call resets it to user

Answer 27

Mode bit provided by hardware

Question 28

Timer to prevent infinite loop / process hogging resources * Set interrupt after specific period * Operating system decrements counter * When counter zero generate an interrupt * Set up before scheduling process to regain control or terminate program that exceeds allotted time

Answer 28

true

Question 29

is a program in execution

Answer 29

process

Question 30

is a passive entity, process is an active entity.

Answer 30

program

Question 31

It is a unit of work within the system

Answer 31

process

Question 32

Process needs resources to accomplish its task

Answer 32

CPU, memory, I/O, files Initialization data

Question 33

Process termination requires reclaim of any reusable resources

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

process has one program counter specifying location of next instruction to execute

Answer 34

Single-threaded

Question 35

executes instructions sequentially, one at a time, until completion

Answer 35

PROCESS

Question 36

process has one program counter per thread

Answer 36

MULTI THREADED

Question 37

Typically system has many processes, some user, some operating system running concurrently on one or more CPUs

Answer 37

TRUE

Question 38

Concurrency by multiplexing the CPUs among the processes / threads

Answer 38

TRUE

Question 39

determines what is in memory when

Answer 39

MEMORY MANAGEMENT

Question 40

All data in memory before and after processing * All instructions in memory in order to execute * Memory management determines what is in memory when * Optimizing CPU utilization and computer response to users

Answer 40

TRUE

Question 41

Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom Deciding which processes (or parts thereof) and data to move into and out of memory Allocating and deallocating memory space as needed

Answer 41

Memory management activities

Question 42

OS provides uniform, logical view of information storage

Answer 42

TRUE

Question 43

Abstracts physical properties to logical storage unit- file

Answer 43

TRUE

Question 44

* Each medium is controlled by device (i.e., disk drive, tape drive) ■ Varying properties include access speed, capacity, data-transfer rate, access method (sequential or random)

Answer 44

TRUE

Question 45

Files usually organized into directories

Answer 45

File-System management

Question 46

* OS activities include ■ Creating and deleting files and directories Primitives to manipulate files and dirs Mapping files onto secondary storage Backup files onto stable (non-volatile) storage media

Answer 46

File-System management

Question 47

Access control on most systems to determine who can access what

Answer 47

File-System management

Question 48

Usually ____ used to store data that does not fit in main memory or data that must be kept for a "long" period of time

Answer 48

disks

Question 49

Proper management is central importance

Answer 49

true

Question 50

Entire speed of computer operation hinges on disk subsystem and its algorithms

Answer 50

true

Question 51

OS activities

Answer 51

Free-space management * Storage allocation Disk scheduling

Question 52

Tertiary storage includes

Answer 52

optical storage, magnetic tape

Question 53

Still must be managed * Varies between WORM (write-once, read- many-times) and RW (read-write)

Answer 53

Some storage need not be fast

Question 54

Multiprocessor environment must provide cache coherency in hardware such that all CPUs have the most recent value in their cache

Answer 54

true

Question 55

Distributed environment situation even more complex Several copies of a datum can exist

Answer 55

true

Question 56

allows user to change to effective ID with more rights

Answer 56

Privilege escalation

Question 57

Systems generally first distinguish among users, to determine who can do what

Answer 57

true