Introduction, Theories, and Etiology Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 D’s of abnormal behaviour? (ways of looking at abnormal behaviour)
A
Deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger
2
Q
What is deviance?
A
Straying away from social norms-extremely abnormal behaviour
3
Q
Is deviance always associated with a mental disorder?
A
No! Can be associated with a person who is a professional at art, sports etc.
Sexual deviance can also be seen as abnormal, but is not classified as a mental disorder (unless it causes harm or danger)
4
Q
What is distress?
A
Defined as how much of a stress response a person has (ex: overeating, guilt, anxiety).
5
Q
Is distress always associated with a mental disorder?
A
No. Distress can manifest itself in other situations, psychopaths, sociopaths and people with certain personality disorders do not experience distress, people can put themselves in danger and not be distressed
6
Q
What is dysfunction?
A
People behaving in a way that is abnormal, resulting in people not performing normally.
7
Q
Is dysfunction always associated with a mental disorder?
A
No. Some people experience dysfunction and are still able to function normally.
8
Q
What is a better way to define dysfunction in a sense of mental disorders?
A
Harmful dysfunction-when dysfunction affects abnormal behaviour, functioning and everyday life.
9
Q
What is danger?
A
Abnormal behaviour defined as presenting a danger to others or oneself.
10
Q
Is danger always associated with a mental disorder?
A
No. Sky diving is dangerous but not abnormal, relatively few people with mental disorders are actually violent, people without mental disorders are also dangerous. (this is probably the weaksest dimension)
11
Q
What is the main version of the 4 D’s we should function on when classifying mental disorders?
A
Harmful dysfunctions-difficulty functioning in various areas of life or a lack of functioning all together.
12
Q
What is the definition of a mental disorder?
A
A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning
13
Q
What are some exclusion criteria from the definition of a mental disorder?
A
1) Expectable and culturally sanctioned responses to a particular event (ex: grief with death)
2) Deviant behaviour such as political dissension
, religious, and sexual norms.
3) Conflict between the individual and society (such as voluntary effort to express individuality)
14
Q
What is the difference between grief and depression?
A
Grief can still have aspects of happiness attached and people can still live their everyday lives. Depression does not have this
15
Q
How was deviant behaviour used to diagnose mental illnesses in the past?
A
Example: the Soviet Union in 1970 would diagnose people as mentally ill if they went against communism.
16
Q
What are some examples of a conflict with society being diagnosed as mental illness?
A
People used to be given counselling because they wanted to express themselves differently from the norm (sexuality, divorce etc). Homosexuality was a mental disorder till 1972. ADHD-is it a mental disorder or a societal problem? (90% of Ritalin is directed towards an American market)
17
Q
How are mental disorders decided?
A
By people who vote to include it after some research is done. A lot end up being disorders because of a conflict between the individual and society
18
Q
What is psychopathology?
A
Process and study of abnormal behaviour-what are the factors that bring about, maintain, and create abnormal behaviour? The structure of human mental health problems.
19
Q
Why are some issues added into the DSM-5 even if they’re not necessarily a mental disorder? (But a psychogical problem instead)
A
Because some counselling agencies in the states require people to be diagnosed with a disorder before they get counselling (ex: Marriage counselling).
20
Q
What separates depression from normal sadness?
A
Have to have 5/9 symptoms, with at least one of them being sadness persisting daily longer than two weeks, or anhedonia (inability to derive pleasure from life).
21
Q
How many Canadians experience mental illness or addiction in a given year?
A
1/5 (but for uni students it’s double)
22
Q
How many Canadians have had a mental illness by the time they reach 40 years of age?
A
1/2
23
Q
What percentage of mental health problems have their onset during childhood?
A
70%
24
Q
At what age are you more likely to experience mental illness or substance use disorder?
A
15-24
25
Which gender has higher rates of addiction, versus which has a higher rate of mood and anxiety disorders?
Men and women respectively- however, this gap is changing as gender roles change.
26
How much more likely are people in the low income group to report fair-poor mental health?
3-4 times. (lower education is also strongly tied)
27
How much higher is the mortality rate in people with mental disorders?
2.2 times that of people without.
28
How many years can mental illness cut off of a person's life?
10-20 years
29
How many Canadian's die per year by suicide?
4000 (11 per day)
30
How is the link between poverty and mental illness bidirectional?
We don't know which causes which. Does poverty cause mental illness or does mental illness cause poverty?
31
What is the leading cause of disability in Canada?
Mental illness
32
How many Canadians are unable to work due to mental illness?
355000 disability due to mental disorders or behavioural issues, 175000 full-time workers absent due to mental illnesses
33
What is comorbidity?
The presence of more than 1 condition during the same period of time- more the rule than the exception.
34
What are epidemiologists currently looking at with regards to mental disorders?
The functional impairments rather than the absolute numbers, as the most severe disorders are concentrated in small segments of the general population
35
What is disease burden?
Extent of functional impairment and loss associated with mental health. Measured by combining mortality (premature death) and disability (lost years of a healthy life, years of living with disability).
36
What are health economics?
Costs to society associated with diseases (also associated with disease burden)
37
What percentage of the population has Schizophrenia?
1%, ages 17-30, men
38
What is the cognitive behavioural paradigm focused on?
Thinking
39
What are the 3 main principles of the cognitive behavioural paradigm?
1) Thinking affects emotions and behaviours
2) Thoughts can be monitored and changed
3) Altering thoughts can cause the person to experience desired emotional change
40
What are mental disorders heavily caused by?
How people cognitively appraise events (including internal ones)-Thoughts, behaviour and emotion in a triangular shape.
41
What ended in the 1990s?
Age of "deep theories" ended (an attempt to explain the entirety of human behaviour)
42
What are DALYs?
The years of regular living that you lose to mental disorder
43
What are garden variety disorders?
Thing that majority of people have-moderate levels of mental disorders that affect everyday functioning.
44
What percentage of disability do mental illnesses cause in developing countries?
47%
45
What was the total cost of mental illness in Canada in 2011?
51 billion
46
What is the bulk of mental illness costs related to?
Production loss-cost was around 20.7 billion in lost workers
47
What are the only mental disorders indicated by the physical brain structures (testable)?
Dementia and Alzheimers.
48
What 2 disorders are the greatest cause of death and disability?
Alzheimers and Drug use.
49
Which disorders hit people the hardest?
Anxiety and depression
50
Why is it so important to adopt a perspective?
- Easier to identify and treat mental disorders
- Research leads to discoveries on how to medicate, techniques, and ways of approaching disorders
- Helps to approach an element of consistency when approaching mental disorders
51
What is theory?
A way to gather data that is already available, arrive at an explanation as to why things are happening, make predictions on what else might be important in the field of study, suggest new methods
52
What happens if a theory cannot predict future outcomes?
Has to be thrown away or integrated in a new one
53
What makes a good theory?
Falsifiable-can be experimented with, proved wrong, testable.
54
What are single-factor explanations?
One thing that connects to one thing
55
What makes single-factor theories so difficult to come by?
We as people are open systems- there are always multiple things acting upon us and affecting behaviour-makes it difficult to establish causality to one single thing.
56
What are multi-factor explanations?
One thing being connected to multiple things ex: Self esteem: individual has multiple support systems influencing it, but can also be influenced by SES and drugs
57
What was an issue with Freud's theories?
Weren't testable.
58
What do theories try to explain with mental disorders?
Etiology, where they came from, what keeps them from going away.
59
Who coined the Classical Psychodynamic Paradigm?
Begun with Freud (oldest theory)
60
What is the idea of the Unconscious (Classical Psychodynamic Paradigm)
Idea that unconscious controls behaviour to a certain extent-Ancient Greeks knew about this, but Freud was the first to come up with a model of studying it.
61
What is the idea of Conflict? (CPP)
The conflict between the needs of the unconscious and whether it is acceptable in society which eventually causes repression
62
What is the idea of Repression (CPP)
Main defence mechanism that allows people to protect themselves from feelings and urges that can elicit a major amount of anxiety.
63
What are the 3 primary structures of the mind? (CPP)
Id, Ego, and Superego
64
What is the Id?
Lowest and biggest mind structure. Instincts, ideas, repressed tendencies, conflicts, emotions, not accessible by the regular mind (unconscious). Wants to satisfy urges that come to the individual (ex: wanting to punch someone in the face for no reason) (Pleasure Principle)
65
What is the Ego?
A repository of many functions that are instrumental and meant to facilitate adaptation to the world. Ego functions in intelligence (judgements and evaluations of situations, social interactions etc), helps you adapt to the situation at hand, influenced by the ID and superego indirectly (Reality Principle)
66
What is the Superego?
Set of rules that society imposes on people that are eventually internalized. and become your conscience. Ideas and memories that are inadmissible fall under here. Not formed normally, formed between ages of 0-6, not something that is mature, organized, or rational (Moral Principle)
67
Which structures (Id, superego, ego) actualize themselves in dreams?
Id and Ego.
68
What are humans 2 main drives (CPP)
Sexuality and Libido, based in survival and reproduction.
69
What is characteristic of the Oral and Anal phase (CPP)
Feeling very distressed and have a need to be organized so that nothing goes wrong and anxiety can be limited
70
What is characteristic of the Phallic and Genital phase? (CPP)
People like porn because they have a fixation at the genital phase. Become aware of sexuality, results in a sex-obsessed person, act sexually to one another and might not be considerate to others who grab their interest
71
What are defense mechanisms used for according to the CPP theory?
Protecting the Ego from the Superego and Id?
72
What are mental disorders caused by according to the CPP?
Idea that mental disorders are caused by fixation at certain stages caused by trauma or parental neglect, and/or the inability to defend against negative overwhelming emotions originating from internal conflicts.
73
What is inability (CPP)
Anxiety that people cannot manage and people having a guilt complex and blaming themselves for things that aren't necessarily their fault.
74
What are some of the Primitive Defense Mechanisms?
Denial-the ability to completely ignore a situation that could be problematic-can see this in people with severe disorders
Regression
Projection
75
What are Higher Level (Neurotic) defenses?
Repression
Intellectualization
Reaction Formation
Displacement
76
What are some of the mature defences?
Humor
Suppression
Sublimation
77
What is the Object Relations Theory in the Current Psychodynamic Paradigm?
Childhood experiences in concert with genetic factors shape the adult. Early experiences of self with others along with associated emotional states are internalized to produce representations of those interactions (objects)
78
What happens if your internal representations are defective (either due to abuse, parental neglect or other traumas) (ORT, CPP)
There will be significant relationship problems with a range of people and situations-carry through to older experiences, creating a bad foundation for emotional identification. Where symptoms of mental disorders appear.
79
What do symptoms and behaviours function as in the ORT theory?
Gratification of needs, avoiding of anxiety, modulation of relationships
80
How does the ORT theory differ from Freudian theories?
Because they involve genetics
81
What does the ORT try to study?
How the mind of the child is preserved in the mind of the adult.
82
What are the 3 levels of the ORT paradigm?
Neurotic, borderline, and psychotic.
83
What is the Neurotic functional level?
The best one-good sense of what society expects of u, and a good moral base, but underdeveloped superego. High-level defenses, object relationships ambivalent, steady identity. Good personal strengths include impulse control, intact judgement, and reality testing. Pathology is based on conflict, relatively good perception and representation of others.
84
What is the Borderline functional level?
Superego integration is minimal, variable capacity for guilt. Primitive defence mechanisms. Identity diffusion-object relations split in "All good or All bad". Impulsivity, impaired judgements, problems with reality testing, difficulty sustaining work and relationships. Pathology includes serious deficits in addition to conflicts. Poor perception and representation of others.
85
Which functional level is more prevalent in mood disorders and which is more prevalent in personality disorders?
Mood: Neurotic
Personality: Borderline
86
What does the Cognitive Behavioural Paradigm believe?
Abnormal behaviour is learned like any other behaviour-emphasized reinforcement and punishment-attempted to be a theory of everything.
87
What is Classical Conditioning?
Conditioning of involuntary behaviour of the body-involves autonomous nervous system
88
What is Operant Conditioning?
Conditioning of voluntary behaviour-involves somatic nervous system, every behaviour is a result of this as it was reinforced with positive outcomes.
89
What is the Social Learning Theory?
Learning of complex social behaviours (ex: Patterns of aggression, interpersonal aspects of depression), via observation of patterns of reinforcement and punishment in social situations.
90
What can Phase 1 behaviourism help with?
Sleep disorders (this phase is strictly behavioural)
91
What can Phase 2 behaviourism help with?
Things like depression, as this phase includes CBT and focuses more on thoughts
92
How can CBT help with things like panic disorders?
Helps with internal event appraisal and thinking about things rationally. Also helps to calm heart rate
93
What is Rational Emotive Therapy?
Type of CBT. Consequences about life events are not just results of activating events but are mediated by beliefs about experiences (ABC model) "The mind can make a heaven out of hell, and a hell out of heaven"
94
Who came up with Rational Emotive Therapy?
Albert Ellis
95
What creates psychopathology according to Rational Emotive Therapy?
Our beliefs about a situation
96
What is Aaron Beck's (main founder of CBT) cognitive theory?
Emotions and behaviours are heavily influenced by individual beliefs and cognitive appraisals of events.
97
What are the 3 main levels of cognition (Cognitive Theory)
Schemas, Information Processing and Intermediate beliefs, Automatic thoughts
98
What are schemas?
Deep-rooted beliefs and ideas resulting from repeated early experiences early in life that can have consequences later-schemas learned in abuse and trauma are harder to let go.
99
What is Information Processing and Intermediate beliefs?
Developed from schemas, drive how you process information and your beliefs.
100
What are Automatic thoughts?
Immediate reactions to things because of schemas.
101
How does CBT work in terms of the 3 levels of cognition?
Turning automatic thoughts into schemas-get people to become more aware of their thoughts and emotions and evaluate them in terms of information processing and beliefs. Patters then arise and turn into a schema.
102
What is the behavioural unconscious?
Most of what we do and think is outside of our consciousness and we don't realize this until someone/something makes us focus on it. Schemas are deep in our unconscious.
103
What can awareness of the behavioural unconscious cause us to do?
Either become more rational, or block it before it comes to fruition.
104
What is the Humanistic Paradigm?
Stresses the importance of the person and free will-mental disorders happen when a person cannot trust their sense of their own experiences and when efforts towards self-actualization are thwarted. Humans can make their own decisions about their own behaviours and manage them.
105
What is conditional positive regard? (Humanistic)
When people try to act in the "right" way to gain approval from others (in mental disorders, people believe they are always doing things incorrectly and have to learn how to behave)
106
What is unconditional positive regard? (Humanistic)
People take you as you are and praise you as you are (Carl Rogers)
107
How did Roges come to the idea of self-actualization (idea that people can be the best they can be)
He was raised in an authoritarian household. Worked at the uni, saw lots of students following a path that was created for them (difficulty self actualizing) Decided to follow a path that wasn't
108
What is self-fulfilment? (Humanistic)
Achieved by accepting oneself and trusting one's experiences-can also accept others in genuine relationships.
109
How do we cure mental disorders according to Carl Rogers ideas?
By helping them create their own avenues and find own opinons
110
What was Abraham Maslows idea?
Humans have a series of needs that must be met in order to achieve self-actualization. If the basic needs at the bottom of the pyramid are not met, self-actualization is incredibly difficult/impossible to achieve.
111
What did May, Frank, and Yurman theorize about psychopathology? (humanism)
Humans struggle with the fundamental aspects of the human condition such as eventual non-being, isolation, meaninglessness, and freedom. Psychopathology aris from confrontation with these aspects
112
What is systems theory?
Holistic view of humans as being the outcome of all bio-psycho-social influences
113
What are the 6 aspects of Systems theory?
Holism, levels of analysis, diathesis and stress, equifinality and multifinality, reciprocal causality, development
114
What is reductionism (opposite of holism)
Relies on ONE of bio, psycho, or social. Allows greater in depth focus on one topic (not a belief anymore, but a process)
115
What are levels of analysis according to systems theory?
Person is open to looking at multiple levels of analysis when assessing mental disorders. (ex: Panic attacks can include context, emotions, and genetics).
116
What is Diathesis and Stress according to systems theory?
Vulnerability leads to stress, begins the emergence of psychopathology
117
What is Equifinality and Multifinality?
Equifinality- Many stressors result in one aspect of psychopathology (Depression, abuse, death etc)
Multifinality- one stressor has multiple outcomes (ex: child abuse, leading to depression, anxiety etc)
118
What is reciprocal causality?
Going in circles- ex: poor people have increased psychopathology, but where does it start? Where in the cycle is intervention best?
119
What is development according to systems theory?
People change overtime and many issues in psychopathology arise during transitions-where is it best to intervene.
120
What are some of the biological factors that result in psychopathology?
Neurons, neurotransmitters, amino acids, major brain systems, psychophysiology, behaviour genetics
121
Which neurotransmitter is involved in a lot of mental disorders?
Serotonin.
122
What happens if someone has hypothyroidism (psychophysiology)?
Listlessness, moodiness, crying spells, anxiousness, MDD (acts like it)- if it's not working properly there are serious behavioural impacts.
123
What is so difficult about behavioural genetics?
Most disorders are heritable, BUT TV habits are heritable as well. So what role does heritability have in mental disorders? Genetics are NOT endgame.
124
What are some psychological factors that affect psychopathology?
Motivation, attachment to others (personality disorders arise from attachment issues), emotions, impulse control, personality factors, learning and cognition, sense of self, development issues.
125
What are the 5 emotions in the 5 factor model?
Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness. Any combo of too high or too low can result in psychopathology.
126
What is Neuroticism?
Tendency towards anxiety, self-doubt, depression, shyness etc
127
What is Extraversion?
Whether someone feels like they are rewarded in social experiences
128
What is Openness?
To what extent does an individual enjoy going beyond his or her comfort zone
129
What is Conscientiousness?
The ability of people to stay on track and take control of their responsibilities.
130
What is Agreeableness.?
How approachable people are and how open they are to being open to others,
131
How does the sense of self play a role in psychopathology?
People with problems in mental disorders also seem to have a lot of issues with the self- not sure who they want to be, what they want, or can't stand themselves. Plays a big role in mental disorders
132
What are some social factors that can impact psychopathology?
Socio-economic status (poverty), relationships, marital status (men are better in relationships that women), gender roles (DSM-5 classifies a lot of things as being gendered ex: Men=addiction. Women=neurotic disorders)
133
How does resilience play a role in psychopathology?
Resistance in terms of protective factors against psychopathology
134
What are some aspects of resilience?
Hardiness (thick-skin), self-enhancement (Thinking of self as better than you are), positive personal dispositions (optimism!), repressive coping (shoving things aside), social support, adequate SES.
