Introduction to anatomy

Question 1

How would you describe the anatomical position of body? (6)

Answer 1

• body standing upright
• head and eyes facing forward
• arms relaxed by sides
• palms facing forwards
• feet shoulder width apart
• toes pointing forwards

Question 2

What is the purpose of anatomical planes?

Answer 2

Provide points of reference for structure and movements

Question 3

What is the sagittal plane?

Answer 3

Vertical plane dividing right and left sides of body

Question 4

What is the coronal (frontal) plane?

Answer 4

Vertical plane dividing body into front and back parts

Question 5

What is the transverse plane?

Answer 5

Horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower parts

Question 6

What is the opposing/paired word with ‘superior (cranial/rostral)’?

Answer 6

inferior (caudal)

Question 7

What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Proximal’?

Answer 7

Distal

Question 8

What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Medial’?

Answer 8

Lateral

Question 9

What is the opposing/paired word with ‘anterior (ventral/rostral)’?

Answer 9

posterior (dorsal)

Question 10

What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Superficial’?

Answer 10

Deep

Question 11

What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Internal’?

Answer 11

external

Question 12

What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Ipsilateral’?

Answer 12

Contralateral

Question 13

What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Unilateral’?

Answer 13

bilateral

Question 14

What is the function of the skeleton? (5)

Answer 14

• support
• movement
• protection
• haematopoiesis
• Storage (calcium and phosphorus)

Question 15

What constitutes that axial skeleton?

Answer 15

The head, spine, ribcage/trunk area

Question 16

What constitutes that appendicular skeleton?

Answer 16

The limbs, hands, feet, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle

Question 17

How would you describe the shape of a long bone? and give 1 example

Answer 17

Tubular

Femur

Question 18

How would you describe the shape of a short bone? and where would these be found?

Answer 18

Cuboidal

Ankle and wrist

Question 19

Give 2 examples of flat bones.

What is their function?

Answer 19

Cranium

Sternum

Protection

Question 20

Give an example of an irregular bone

Answer 20

vertebra

Question 21

What is a sesamoid bone?

Where can you find these?

Answer 21

It is a small round bone that is imbedded within a tendon

Knee, thumb, big toe

Question 22

What is the purpose of a sesamoid bone?

Answer 22

It reinforces and decreases stress on that tendon

Question 23

What is the purpose of a ‘process for articulation’?

Answer 23

It forms a joint

Question 24

Head, neck, condyle, trochlea and facet - are all example of what type of bone markings?

Answer 24

Process for articulation

Question 25

Name 2 parts of a bone that would count as 'elevations and projections'

Answer 25

Process | Ramus (pl. ramae)

Question 26

Give 2 examples of processes where tendons or ligaments attach

Answer 26

``` Trochanter Tuberosity Tubercle Crest Line ```

Question 27

Name 2 types of bone depressions

Answer 27

Fossa, sulcus

Question 28

Give 2 examples of bone openings

Answer 28

Foramen Fissure meatus/canal Sinus/Antrum

Question 29

Name 3 different types of cartilage

Answer 29

Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage

Question 30

Give 2 examples of where you'd find hyaline cartilage

Answer 30

``` Ribs Nose Larynx Trachea Articular surfaces of bone ```

Question 31

Give 2 examples of where you'd find fibrocartilage

Answer 31

Intervertebral discs | Pubic symphysis

Question 32

Give 2 examples of where you'd find elastic cartilage

Answer 32

External ear Larynx Epiglottis

Question 33

What is the purpose of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 33

To provide a smooth and compressible surface

Question 34

What colour does elastic cartilage stain with certain dyes?

Answer 34

Black

Question 35

What is another word for joints?

Answer 35

Articulation

Question 36

What joins fibrous joints?

Answer 36

Collagen

Question 37

What joins cartilaginous joints?

Answer 37

Cartilage

Question 38

What are the 4 basic common features of synovial joints?

Answer 38

1. Ends of bones covered by hyaline cartilage 2. Joint cavity 3. Joint capsule 4. Synovial membrane (they may also have discs or bursa)

Question 39

Name 3 subtypes of fibrous joints

Answer 39

Sutures Syndesmosis Gomphosis

Question 40

What are the 2 subtypes of cartilaginous joints - and what is the difference?

Answer 40

Primary cartilaginous joints - joined by hyaline cartilage Secondary cartilaginous joints - joined by fibrocartilage

Question 41

In what 2 ways can synovial joints be classified by?

Answer 41

Shape and movement

Question 42

Give 3 examples of synovial joints classified by shape

Answer 42

``` Hinge Pivot Ball & socket Saddle Ellipsoid/condylar Plane ```

Question 43

Give 3 examples of synovial joints classified by movement

Answer 43

Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial

Question 44

Name the 3 types of muscle

Answer 44

Cardiac Smooth Skeletal (voluntary)

Question 45

What are the 3 functions of skeletal muscle

Answer 45

Produce heat Maintain posture Produce movement

Question 46

What are the 4 requirements for movement?

Answer 46

Skeleton with rigid elements Movable joints Skeletal muscles Nervous system

Question 47

What are the 3 different types of muscle contraction?

Answer 47

- Reflexive (automatic) - Tonic (e.g. back/postural) - Phasic: isometric (muscle length stays the same), isotonic (muscle changes length and there is movement) (concentric/eccentric)

Question 48

Give 3 examples of variations in muscle movement

Answer 48

Muscles for facial expression Diaphragm Thoracolumbar aponeurosis

Question 49

What is the purpose of ligaments?

Answer 49

Connect bone to bone, give joints support and limit range of movement

Question 50

What is the purpose of tendons?

Answer 50

Attach muscle to bone.

Question 51

What do you call sheets of tendons? Give an example

Answer 51

Aponeuroses Diaphragm Plantar aponeurosis

Question 52

What is fascia?

Answer 52

Thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds everything in place

Question 53

Where can you find fascia?

Answer 53

Surrounding organs. Separating tissue layers Muscle compartments