Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards
What is anatomy?
Anatomy is the structure in which the functions of life occur.
What are the 3 main approaches to studying anatomy?
Regional/topographical anatomy
Systemic
Clinical
What is the regional/topographical anatomy?
Regional/topographical anatomy considers the organization of the human body as major parts or segments: a main body, consisting of the head, neck, trunk, and paired upper limbs and lower limbs. All the major parts may be further subdivided into areas and regions. The body’s structure is studied by focusing attention on a specific part, area, or region; examining the arrangement and relationships of the various systems/structures within it; and then usually continuing to study adjacent regions in an ordered sequence.
What is systemic anatomy?
Systemic anatomy is the study of the body’s organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions. No one system works in isolation.
What is clinical/applied anatomy?
Clinical anatomy (applied anatomy) emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice of health sciences. It incorporates the regional and systemic approaches but stresses clinical application.
What is the anatomical position?
The scientific reference position for anatomical location terms.
What are the features of the anatomical position?
The anatomical position
1. Standing upright
2. Facing you
3. Palms turned forwards (anteriorly)
4. Upper limbs relaxed and to the side of the body
5. Feet shoulder width apart, toes directed to the front
What are the 3 anatomical planes?
The 3 anatomical, orthogonal planes are the three dimensions the body are sectioned into: coronal/frontal; median/sagittal; and transverse/horizontal/axial. These planes are used as points of reference or as “cuts” to better visualise internal structures. These may be physical cuts (i.e. performed surgically or during a dissection) or diagnostic with medical imaging e.g. CT and MRI scans.
What is the occlusal plane?
When teeth precisely come together during mastication we say that they occlude. Therefore the plane between the upper and lower teeth is referred to as the occlusal plane.
What does anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal mean?
Anterior/ventral - towards the front of the body
Posterior/dorsal - towards the back of the body
What does superior/cranial and inferior/caudal mean?
Superior/cranial - closer to the top of our head
Inferior/caudal - further from the top of our head
What does medial and lateral mean?
Medial - closer to the median plane
Lateral - further from the median plane
What does proximal and distal mean?
Proximal - closer to a point of origin
Distal - further from a point of origin
What does deep and superficial mean?
Deep - further from the skin
Superficial - closer to the skin
What does labial and buccal mean?
Labial - the surface of the tooth that facing the lips
Buccal - the surface of the tooth that facing the cheeks
What does mesial and distal mean?
Mesial - the surface of the tooth closest to the midline
Distal - the surface of the tooth most distant from the midline
What does proximal mean?
Extension | A straightening movement that results in the increase of the angle in a joint by moving bones further apart |
Proximal - the mesial or distal surface and therefore the proximal contact area is where two teeth touch (the mesial surface of one tooth and the distal of another)
What does palatal and lingual?
Palatal - the surface of the tooth which faces the palate in the upper arch
Lingual - the surface of the tooth which faces the tongue in the lower arch
Labial - the surface of the tooth that facing the lips
What does occlusal mean?
Occlusal - the top surface or chewing surface of the tooth
What does extension and flexion mean?
Extension - a straightening movement that results in the increase of the angle in a joint by moving bones further apart
Flexion - a bending movement that decreases of the angle in a joint by bringing bones closer together
What does abduction and adduction mean?
Abduction - movement away from the midline
Adduction - movement towards the mid line
What does depression and elevation mean?
Depression - movement inferior to the reference axis
Elevation - superior to the reference axis
What does protrusion and retrusion mean?
Protrusion - forward movement Retrusion - backword movement
What does lateral/external rotation and medial/internal rotation mean?
Lateral/external rotation - rotation away from the midline
Medial/internal rotation - rotation toward the midline
