Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards
(28 cards)
Describe and give examples of short bones, flat bones and irregular bones.
Short bones = have no shaft and are usually about as broad as they are long. E.g. patella, carpals and tarsals.
Flat bones = usually bend or curved. E.g. ribs and skull.
Irregular bones = vertebrae and bones of the face.
Describe fossa, trochanter, tuberosity and tubercle.
Fossa = depression in bones.
Trochanter = elevation for muscle attachment specifically on the femur.
Tuberosity = a large elevation on bones for muscle attachment.
Tubercle = a small elevation on bones for muscle attachment.
Describe, process, spine, facet, condyle and epicondyle.
Process = projection.
Spine = short process.
Facet = smooth articular surface (a joint).
Condyle = a rounded swelling covered with articular cartilage.
Epicondyle = projection relative to the articular eminence (slight projection at a joint).
What are bones called when they occur in muscle tendons? What is the largest example?
Sesamoid bones. The patella is the largest in the body.
What is important to remember when comparing the joints of the body?
Mobility at a joint is inversely proportional to stability.
What are fibrous joints and what are the three types?
Fibrous joints are where the bones are bound by a tough, fibrous tissue (collagen). These are typically joints that require strength.
- Sutures (only found in the skull).
- Gomphoses - formed when the teeth articulate with the maxilla and the mandible.
- Syndesmoses - bones held together by an interosseous membrane.
What are cartilaginous joints and what are the two types?
Where the bones are united by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.
- Primary = synchondroses. Where the bones are connected by a plate of hyaline cartilage acting as an epiphyseal plate between primary and secondary ossification centres. These are found between ribs and in long bones.
- Secondary = symphyses. Where the bones are united by a layer of fibrocartilage and the opposing surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage. Found in pubic symphysis and between vertebrae.
What are synovial joints and what are the 6 different types?
A synovial joint is defined by the presence of a fluid-filled joint cavity contained within a fibrous capsule.
- Hinge (e.g. elbow).
- Saddle (e.g. fingers).
- Plane (e.g. sternoclavicular joint).
- Pivot (e.g. between radius and ulnar).
- Condyloid (e.g. wrist).
- Ball and Socket (e.g. hip).
What is a joint’s nerve supply and where are the nerve endings located?
They have a sensory nerve supply only with their nerve endings found in the joint capsule and ligaments forming the joint.
Describe pronation and supination.
Pronation:
- of the forearm = when the palm moves inwards.
- of the foot = turning of the sole of the foot outwards (also eversion).
Supination:
- of the forearm = when the palm moves outwards.
- of the foot = turning of the sole of the foot inwards (also inversion).
What are the four types of muscle tissue?
- Smooth
- Cardiac
- Skeletal
- Myoepithelial
What is an aponeurosis? Give an example.
A sheet of fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in flat muscles that have a wide area of attachment.
An example is the anterior abdominal aponeurosis which is the border for the external oblique, pectoralis muscle and latissimus dorsi.
What is a raphe, and where is an example of this to be seen?
A raphe is a ridged union of continuous tissue that typically marks the line where two halves have fused in the embryo.
This can be seen in the cheek (buccal raphe), tongue (lingual raphe) and the roof of the mouth (palatine raphe).
What is a 1st class lever? Give an example.
Where the joint is in between the effort (i.e. muscle) and the load (i.e. what you want to move).
Example is flexion and extension of the neck leading to the head moving up and down.
What is a 2nd class lever? Give an example.
Where the load (i.e. what you want to move) is in between the effort (i.e. the muscle) and the joint.
An example is when you stand on the balls of your feet (tip-toes).
What is a 3rd class lever? Give an example.
Where the effort (i.e. the muscle) is in between the joint and the load (i.e. what you want to move).
An example is when you are doing bicep curls.
Define the terms agonist, antagonist, synergist and fixator.
- Agonist = causing a desired movement.
- Antagonist = opposite to agonist - causing opposite movements.
- Synergist = muscles working together i.e. all of the muscles in the arm that cause flexion.
- Fixator = stabilises a movement in order for it to move more efficiently. E.g. rotator cuff muscles during a bicep curl.
Define isotonic, isometric, concentric and eccentric with reference to muscle contraction.
- Isotonic = where tension in the muscle remains constant despite a change in muscle length.
- Isometric = where a muscle generates tension without changing length.
- Concentric = where muscle tension is sufficient to overcome the load so the muscle shortens as it contracts.
- Eccentric = where the muscle tension is INsufficient to overcome the load and the muscle fibres lengthen as they contract.
What is a myotome?
A group of muscles that a single nerve innervates.
What is Hilton’s Law?
That the nerve supplying muscles extending directly across and acting at a given joint not only supplies the muscle, but also innervates the joint and the skin overlying the muscle.
Where do pre-ganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves arise from?
Parasymp = brain, brainstem and S4.
Symp = Spinal cord (T1 - L2/3).
Label the diagram of a vertebra.
Go to intro to anatomy booklet.
Describe the terms anatomical and functional end-artery.
Anatomical = true end artery. It does not end in an anastomoses.
Functional = ends in an ineffectual anastomoses.
Where are the largest number of lymph nodes found?
In the neck, armpits and groin areas.
