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Anatomy 1 > Introduction to Anatomy / Anatomical Terminology > Flashcards

Introduction to Anatomy / Anatomical Terminology Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Gross = Large

It is the study of body structures that can be examined by the naked eye during dissection.

Examples: Bones, Muscles, Lungs

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2
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

All organs with related functions are studied together.

Examples: Nervous System, Musculoskeletal System, Cardiovascular System

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3
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

All organs present in one body cavity are studied together.

Thoracic Cavity, Cranial Cavity, Abdominal Cavity, Pelvic Cavity

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4
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

It is the study of shapes and markings on the surface of the body that reveal the underlying organs.

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5
Q

What is an Anatomical “Plane”? What are the four planes?

A

Plane: An imaginary flat surface running through the body.

There are four anatomical body planes:
+ Coronal/Frontal plane
+ Sagittal plane
+ Midsagittal plane
+ Transverse/Axial plane

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6
Q

Coronal (Frontal) Plane

A

+ Oriented VERTICALLY.
+ Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts (front and behind).

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7
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

+ Oriented VERTICALLY.
+ Divides the body into right and left parts.

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8
Q

Midsagittal/Median Plane

A

This plane lies exactly in the midline* vertically.

Midline: An imaginary vertical line that divides the body equally.

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9
Q

Parasagittal Plane

A

Para : Near

This is a sagittal plane that lies offset from the midline.

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10
Q

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

A

+ Oriented HORIZONTALLY.

+ Divides the body into SUPERIOR and INFERIOR parts (top and bottom).

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11
Q
  1. What are Regional Terms? (Definition)
  2. What are the two Body divisions and what do each of them consist of?
A
  1. Names of specific body areas
  2. Axial region :
    + Forms the MAIN AXIS of the body : HEAD, NECK, TRUNK.
    + The Axial Skeleton is the Skull, Thoracic cage and Vertebral Column.

Appendicular region:
+ Consists of the LIMBS.
+ The Appendicular Skeleton is made up of the UPPER and LOWER LIMB bones.

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12
Q

What is a directional term? (Definition)

Name the Directional terms.

A

Directional terms allow us to precisely explain where one structure lies in relation to another.

+ Superior/Inferior
+ Medial/Lateral
+ Anterior (ventral)/Posterior (dorsal)
+ Cranial/Caudal
+ Superficial/Deep

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13
Q

Superior

A

Upper part of a structure or the body; Above

Example: Head is superior to the neck.

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14
Q

Inferior

A

Toward the lower part of a structure or the body; Below

Example: The thorax is inferior to the neck.

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15
Q

Medial

A

Toward/At the midline of the body; on the INNER SIDE OF.

Example: Heart is medial to the lungs

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16
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body; On the OUTER SIDE OF.

Example: The lungs lie lateral to the heart.

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17
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

Example: The right upper limb and right lower limb are ipsilateral.

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18
Q

Contralateral

A

On OPPOSITE sides.

Example: Right upper limb and left lower limb are contralateral.

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19
Q

Anterior (Ventral)

A

Toward or at the front of the body; In Front of.

Example: The sternum is anterior to the heart.

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20
Q

Posterior (Dorsal)

A

Toward or at the back of the body; Behind

Example: The heart is posterior to the sternum.

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21
Q

When are the terms anterior and ventral & posterior and dorsal synonymous*?

A

They are synonymous in humans but NOT in four-legged animals.

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22
Q

Cranial

A

Toward the head end

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23
Q

Caudal

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A

Away from the head end ; refers to the tail (inferior)

24
Q

Superficial (External)

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A

Toward or at the body surface

Example: The skin is superficial to muscles.

25
Deep (Internal)
Away from body surface; more internal Example: The muscles are deep to the skin.
26
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part OR the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Example: The forearm is proximal to the hand.
27
Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part OR the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Examples: + The hand is distal to the forearm. + The forearm is distal to the arm.
28
What is Circumduction? Give examples of Circumduction.
Circumduction is the circular/conical movement of a body part. Examples: Hip/Shoulder/Wrist/Hand/Thumb/Finger/Ankle/Foot Circumductions.
29
Adduction
Moving a limb toward the body midline.
30
Thumb Opposition
Moving the thumb to touch the tips of the fingers.
31
Dorsiflexion
Lifting the foot or hand (superiorly).
32
Plantar Flexion
Depressing the foot elevating the heel.
33
Eversion
Turning the sole of the foot laterally.
34
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot medially.
35
What is the palmar and dorsal surface of the hand?
Palmar: The front/palm-side of the hand Dorsal*: Back of the hand. *Dorsum/dorsal surface: Surface on the upper side of a standing organism.
36
Supination
Rotation of the forearm resulting in the palm of the hand facing anteriorly.
37
Pronation
Rotation of forearm resulting in the palm of the hand facing posteriorly.
38
Protraction
Moving a body part in the anterior direction
39
Retraction
Moving a body part in the posterior direction
40
Elevation
Lifting a body part superiorly
41
Depression
Moving a body part inferiorly
42
Describe the Integumentary System. (4 Points)
+ Consists of skin, hair and nails. + Forms the external covering of the body. Protects tissue from injury + Responsible for the synthesis of Vitamin D. + Houses sweat glands, oil glands and receptors distributed throughout the skin (that detect stimuli like pain, pressure and temperature).
43
Describe the Skeletal System. (3 Points)
+ Consists of bones and connective tissue. + Protects and supports body organs. + Provides a framework that muscles use to allow movement.
44
Describe the Muscular System. (3 Points)
+ Consists of muscles + Allows for manipulation of locomotion and facial expression + Maintains posture and produces heat.
45
Describe the Nervous System. (2 Points)
+ Consists of the brain, spinal cord and the peripheral nerves. + Responds to internal and external changes by activating the appropriate muscles and glands.
46
Describe the Cardiovascular system. (2 Points)
+ Consists of blood, blood vessels and the heart. + Blood vessels transport blood that carries O2, CO2, nutrients and waste. Arteries distribute oxygenated blood to the capillary bed of the body.
47
Describe the Lymphatic System. (2 Points)
+ Major functions include maintenance of body fluid levels and protection of the body from pathogens. + Many other functions (do extra reading on those)
48
Describe the Digestive System (2 Points)
+ Breaks down ingested food into absorbable units that enter the blood stream for distribution. + Eliminating any indigestible waste material in the form of faeces.
49
Describe the Urinary System. (4 Points)
+ Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body. + Regulates blood volume and pressure. + Controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites. + Regulates the pH of blood.
50
Describe the Reproductive System. (1 Point)
Overall function is production of offspring.
51
Describe the Respiratory System. (2 Points)
+ Consists of the nasal and oral cavities, the lungs, the bronchiole tree. + Keeps the blood constantly supplied with oxygen. Removes CO2.
52
Describe the Endocrine System. (1 Point)
These glands secrete hormones that regulate various process like growth, metabolism and reproduction.
53
How is ULTRASOUND IMAGING useful? (2 Points)
+ It provides sonar images of internal body structures. + Convenient as it allows for inexpensive visualisation of organs.
54
How is MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) useful? (2 Points)
+ Exposes the body to strong magnetic fields and radio waves, providing strong-contrast images of soft structures. + Useful for visualising structure surrounded by bone like nervous tissue and joints.
55
How is COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) useful?
+ Produces excellent images of bones, blood vessels and soft tissues. + Useful in trauma situations to assess damage.
56
How is X-RAY useful? (2 Points)
+ Useful for visualising bones or abnormal dense structures like tumours. + Sometimes, a contrast medium is ingested/injected into a hollow organ to allow visualisation into soft organs like the gastrointestinal tract.

Anatomy 1 (2 decks)

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