Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
define: Anatomy
A
the body’s structures
2
Q
define: Physiology
A
the body’s functions
3
Q
define: Homeostasis
A
the body’s natural tendency to maintain a relatively stable internal environment
4
Q
optimal body temperature?
A
98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
5
Q
optimal blood glucose range
A
90-100 mg/dL
6
Q
what is the smallest unit capable of carrying out all life processes?
A
a cell
7
Q
groups of related cells that cooperate to perform specific functions
A
tissues
8
Q
groups of tissues that cooperate to perform specific functions
A
organs
9
Q
groups of organs that cooperate to perform complex tasks
A
organ systems
10
Q
what are the 4 main vital functions of the human body?
A
- exchange with environment
- transport fluids and materials within the body
- structure, support, and movement
- control and regulation body processes
11
Q
Which organ systems “exchange with the environment”?
A
digestive system (food/water in, solid waste out); respiratory system (oxygen in, CO2 out): urinary system (liquid waste out)
12
Q
which organ systems “transport within the body”?
A
cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, urinary system
13
Q
which organ systems “support, structure, protect, and move the body”?
A
integumentary system (skin, hair, nails); skeletal system (bones); muscular system (muscles)
14
Q
which organ systems “control and regulate”?
A
nervous system (brain, nerves, senses); endocrine system (hormones)
15
Q
divides body into top and bottom
A
transverse plane
16
Q
divides body into front and back
A
coronal plane
17
Q
divides body into left and right sections
A
sagittal plane
18
Q
divides body into equal left and right portions
A
mid-sagittal plane
19
Q
cephalic
A
toward the head
20
Q
superior
A
above, toward the head
21
Q
caudal
A
toward the tail/feet
22
Q
inferior
A
below, toward the tail/feet
23
Q
dorsal
A
toward the back
24
Q
posterior
A
toward the back
25
ventral
toward the belly
26
anterior
toward the belly
27
medial
toward the mid-sagittal plane, along the coronal plane
toward the midline
28
lateral
away from the mid-sagittal plane, along the coronal plane
toward the side
29
intermediate
between medial and lateral
30
proximal
closer to the trunk from the origin
31
distal
farther from the trunk from the origin
32
superficial
closer to the outside of the body
33
internal
farther from the outside of the body
34
deep
farther from the outside of the body
35
name the major organ systems
```
DR. CLU IS MEN:
digestive
respiratory
cardiovascular
lymphatic
urinary
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
```
36
Major elements of skeletal system:
Bones, Ligaments, Cartilage, Tendons
37
what do ligaments do?
connect bone to bone
38
what does cartilage do?
cushions space between bones
39
what do tendons do?
connect bone to muscle
40
List the specialized organs of the digestive tract in superior to inferior direction.
```
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus
```
41
Produces saliva with amylase to break carbs
salivary glands
42
secretes variety of enzymes to break food and neutralize stomach acids.
pancreas
43
produces bile to aid fat digestion and absorption
liver
44
stores and concentrates bile. secretes it to small intestine
gall bladder
45
muscular sac that churns and chemically digests food.
stomach
46
absorbs nutrients through numerous folds in the organ's walls
small intestine
47
absorbs water
large intestines
48
when food goes in the mouth, it travels which direction?
the bolus travels inferiorly, down the sagittal plane, to the stomach
49
with acid reflux, acid goes from the stomach to the esophagus. which direction is that?
superior
50
list the structures through which air travels when we inhale
```
nose or mouth
pharynx
larynx
trachea
lungs
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
```
51
if there was a tracheal obstruction, what would happen?
1. increase in blood CO2 levels
| 2. decrease in blood oxygen levels
52
list the organs of the respiratory system superior to inferior
```
nose
mouth
pharynx
larynx
trachea
lungs
```
53
what keeps food/water from entering the airway instead of the esophagus?
epiglottis
54
what happens to air in the mouth and nose?
it is humidified and filtered
55
when you inhale, your rib cage moves away from the coronal and transverse planes in which directions?
anterior and superior
56
formal name for red blood cells?
erythrocytes
57
what are the components of blood?
plasma and formed elements (blood cells)
58
what does plasma consist of?
water, electrolytes, glucose, proteins (enzymes, hormones, blood clotting factors), and metabolic waste
59
what are the different types of formed elements?
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
60
what do red blood cells do?
transport oxygen and CO2
61
what do white blood cells do?
fight infection by attacking foreign cells and clearing old/damaged cells
62
what do platelets do?
blood clotting / support hemostasis
63
what is hemostasis?
our ability to stop bleeding after vascular injury
64
where are blood cells formed?
red bone marrow
65
where is blood received in the heart?
into the atria
66
how does blood leave the heart?
- from the left ventricle into the aorta
| - from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery
67
what are the two cardiovascular subsystems?
1. systemic circuit: transports blood to/from body
| 2. pulmonary circuit: transports blood between heart and lungs.
68
which is the largest artery in the body?
the aorta
69
which are the smallest blood vessels?
capillaries
70
how does blood move through the systemic circuit?
```
left ventricle
aorta
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
vena cava
right atrium
```
71
how does blood move through pulmonary system?
```
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
left/right pulmonary artery
left/right pulmonary arterioles
left/right pulmonary capillaries
left/right pulmonary venules
left/right pulmonary veins
left atrium
```
72
which main artery has oxygen RICH blood?
aorta
73
which main artery has oxygen POOR blood?
pulmonary artery
74
which major organ is excluded from the systemic circuit?
the lungs
75
what is specific immunity?
specialized cells recognize specific foreign molecules (antigens) and respond to them
76
what is nonspecific immunity?
general methods like physical barriers, fever, inflammation, and enzyme activity that protect against harmful agents.
77
adenoids
one of three sets of tonsils. trap mouth/nose pathogens and monitor external environment to provide immune response.
78
thymus
lobular structure where lymphocytes mature
79
spleen
houses lymphocytes for immune response. contains phagocytes for filtering cell debris from blood
80
lymph nodes
house lymphocytes and macrophages to filter lymph fluid.
81
lymph vessels
transports lymph fluid through body
82
red bone marrow
generates blood stem cells.
83
what can blood stem cells differentiate into?
red blood cells
platelets
specific immune cells (lymphocytes)
nonspecific immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages)
84
where is the thymus
upper chest, posterior to sternum, from collar to pericardium.
85
where is spleen?
upper left abdominal cavity. superior, posterior, and lateral to stomach.
86
list major components of urinary system, superior to inferior
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
87
how much fluid can kidneys filter per day?
180 liters
88
what is the main end product of protein metabolism?
urea, a waste product.
89
describe the path of urine through the body
kidneys filter blood to make urine.
urine passes from kidneys into ureters.
urine is stored in bladder until expelled through urethra.
90
what does the kidney reabsorb?
water
electrolytes
ions
91
"behind peritoneal cavity that encloses intestines"
retroperitoneal.
| describes location of kidneys.
92
what is the largest organ in the body?
skin
93
major structures of integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
94
what are the three main layers of skin, superficial to deep?
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
95
which layer of skin acts as a seamless, waterproof barrier?
epidermis
96
which layer of skin provides tensile strength and elasticity, contains nerves, and contains blood vessels?
dermis
97
which layer of skin attaches to deeper structures and acts as insulation and shock absorber?
hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
98
hair grows from the _____ layer
dermis
99
nails grow from the _____ layer
epidermis
100
what are the main types of glands?
sebaceous glands
apocrine glands
merocrine (eccrine) glands
101
what do sebaceous glands do?
secretions maintain skin softness and hydrophobicity
102
what do apocrine glands do?
secretions moistens skin during pain, fear, arousal, and upset.
103
what do merocrine glands do?
secrete sweat to regulate temperature.
104
which glands are most common in the skin?
merocrine sweat glands
105
which vitamin does the skin produce?
vitamin D
106
a joint is also called an ______
articulation
107
how many bones are in the human body?
206
108
what are bones made of?
cells (osteocytes)
protein (collagen)
minerals (calcium and phosphate)
109
where does hematopoiesis happen?
blood cells are created in the red bone marrow.
110
what are the specialized cells for bone formation, regulation, and repair?
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocytes
111
what gives a bone flexibility?
collagen
112
what gives a bone hardness?
calcium and phosphate minerals
113
which is more rigid? ligaments or tendons?
tendons
114
what does articular cartilage do?
- provides cushioning to joint
| - protects bones from friction damage
115
how many skeletal muscles are in the body?
over 650.
116
what are the kinds of muscle tissue?
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
117
which skeletal muscle does not have a opposing partner muscle?
diaphragm
118
neuromuscular junction
point where a nerve meets a muscle to stimulate a contraction.
119
what kind of muscle has a long, cylinder shape?
skeletal muscle
120
what is the basic functional unit of muscle?
sarcomere. shortens for muscle contraction.
121
where are muscles in relation to bones and skin?
intermediate
122
What is the basic functional unit of the neural messaging?
neurons
123
what is a neurotransmitter?
a chemical substance released by a neuron to provoke responses in other body parts.
124
What are the two functional parts of the nervous system?
central nervous system
| peripheral nervous system
125
which nervous subsystem processes incoming information and initiates response?
central nervous system
126
the central nervous system consists of which components?
brain and spinal cord
127
which nervous subsystem carries sensory information to and motor output from the brain?
peripheral nervous system
128
the peripheral nervous system consists of which components?
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
129
which subsystem of the PNS conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands?
autonomic (visceral motor) nervous system
130
which subsystem of the PNS conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles?
somatic nervous system
131
which subsystem of the ANS mobilizes body systems during activity?
sympathetic division
132
which subsystem of the ANS conserves energy and promotes activities during rest?
parasympathetic division
133
what is the difference between hormones and neurotransmitters?
hormones act over longer distances for a longer time.
134
list the major organs of the endocrine system superior to inferior
```
hypothalamus
pineal gland
pituitary gland
parathyroid glands
thyroid gland
thymus
adrenal gland
pancreas
gonads: (placenta, ovaries) or (testes)
```
135
which gland produces hormones to regulate hunger, thirst, sleep, and receives sensory input about emotions, temperature, and lighting?
hypothalamus
136
which gland controls release of hormones from other glands?
pituitary gland
137
which gland secretes melatonin?
pineal gland
138
which gland secretes hormones for metabolism and calcium levels?
thyroid glands
139
which gland secretes hormones for calcium levels?
parathyroid gland
140
which gland secretes thymosin and thymopoietin to stimulate production of T-cells?
thymus gland
141
which gland produces steroid hormones to regulate stress reactions, sexual function, and kidney function?
adrenal glands
142
which glands secrete sex hormones?
gonads: (testes in males, ovaries in females)
