Introduction to Animal Organization

Question 1

What are animals? (7)

Answer 1

1. eukaryotes
2. multicellular
3. internally digestive heterotrophs
4. locomotive ability (muscles)
5. sense organs and rapid responses (nervous system)
6. sexual reproduction (diploid life cycles)
7. fundamental levels of biological organization

Question 2

What is important about the definition of animals, “internally digestive heterotrophs”?

Answer 2

can be used to distinguish animals from other life forms

Question 3

What are the fundamental levels of biological organization? (12)

Answer 3

molecules

organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms

populations
communities
ecosystems
biomes
biosphere

Question 4

What are the 3 types of skeletal systems?

Answer 4

endoskeleton, exoskseleton, hydrostatic skeleton

Question 5

What are the 3 types of body symmetry?

Answer 5

radial, bilateral, asymmetrical

Question 6

Symmetry

What does dorsa mean?

Answer 6

back

Question 7

Symmetry

What does ventra mean?

Answer 7

belly

Question 8

Symmetry

What does medial mean?

Answer 8

towards the middle

Question 9

Symmetry

What does lateral mean?

Answer 9

away from the middle

Question 10

Symmetry

What is the mid-sagital section?

Answer 10

separated in left and right sections

Question 11

Symmetry

What is the frontal section?

Answer 11

separated in back and belly sections

Question 12

Symmetry

What is the cross-section/transverse section?

Answer 12

separated in top/bottom (posterior/anterior) sections

Question 13

What are the 3 types of animals based on embryonic germ layers?

Answer 13

1. none
2. diploblastic (2 layers)
3. triploblastic (3 layers)

Question 14

What are the layers of a diploblastic animal?

Answer 14

a. ectoderm

b. endoderm (entoderm)

Question 15

What are the layers of a triploblastic animal?

Answer 15

a. ectoderm
b. mesoderm
c. endoderm (entoderm)

Question 16

What are embryonic germ layers?

Answer 16

“true tissue”

basement membrane

Question 17

What is ectoderm?

Answer 17

tissues that surrounds the outside of the body

Question 18

What is endoderm (ectoderm)?

Answer 18

tissues that line the new digestive tract/gut

Question 19

What animals do body cavities describe?

Answer 19

triploblastic animals

Question 20

What are the 3 types of body cavities?

Answer 20

• acoelomate
• coelomate
• blastocoelomate (pseudocoelomate)

Question 21

What is coelom?

Answer 21

cavity of fluid

Question 22

What is an acoelomate body cavity?

Answer 22

no cavity

ie. flatworm

Question 23

Acoelomate

What is lumen?

Answer 23

continuous with the outside world

Question 24

Acoelomate

What is mesenchyme (mesoderm)?

Answer 24

contains muscle fibres, cells, reproductive organs, etc.

Question 25

Coelomate What is mesentery?

Answer 25

- double layer of peritoneum | - allows communication between the gut and the rest of the animal

Question 26

Coelomate What is peritoneum?

Answer 26

envelops the fluid-filled space (coelom)

Question 27

Blastocoelomate (Pseudocoelomate) Why doesn't blastocoelomate (pseudocoelomate) have a coelom?

Answer 27

there is no peritoneum

Question 28

Phylogenetic Systematics What is parsimony?

Answer 28

the simplest explanation is the best explanation

Question 29

Phylogenetic Systematics What is a cladogram?

Answer 29

picture of branches (phylogenetic tree)

Question 30

Phylogenetic Systematics What are the 3 groups of organisms/lineages in a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 30

monophyletic polyphyletic paraphyletic

Question 31

Phylogenetic Systematics What is a monophyletic group?

Answer 31

common ancestor and all of its descendants also called a "clade"

Question 32

Phylogenetic Systematics What is a polyphyletic group?

Answer 32

excludes the common ancestor

Question 33

Phylogenetic Systematics What is a paraphyletic group?

Answer 33

common ancestor and some of its descendants

Question 34

Phylogenetic Systematics What are the 2 homologies (traits)?

Answer 34

synapomorphies | symplesiomorphies

Question 35

Phylogenetic Systematics What are synapomorphies?

Answer 35

shared, derived traits of its descendants it distinguishes a monophyletic group

Question 36

Phylogenetic Systematics What are symplesiomorphies?

Answer 36

shared, ancestral traits

Question 37

Phylogenetic Systematics What is morphostasis?

Answer 37

- process by which members of a couple or family system react to new information in a way that self-corrects and thus maintains its norms - refers to those processes operating within systems that resist changes in existing strategies

Question 38

Phylogenetic Systematics What are the circles/letters on a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 38

nodes = common ancestors

Question 39

Phylogenetic Systematics What are the dashes/numbers on a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 39

traits