Introduction to Atherosclerosis Flashcards
CAD is also known as and an what most cause cause of it
Coronary artery disease is also known as Coronary Heart disease and the most common cause for this atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis is…
the hardening of arteries
Atherosclerosis
is a specific type of arteriosclerosis that is due to the build up of plaques on the arterial wall
Atheromas
are intimal plaques that consist of raised lesions with soft yellow brumous core of lipids which are covered by a firm white fibrous cap
What are the 5 steps that happen for atherosclerosis to occur
- chronic endothelial injury (injury to wall)
- Endothelial dysfunction
- Macrophage activation
- Macrophage (foam cells) and smooth muscle cells engulf lipids but end up leaving fatty streaks
- Fibrofatty atheroma develops and becomes hard due to the migration of calcium inward
_______ is the marker of inflammation is vessels and becomes increased with patients who have _____
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Coronary artery disease
C-reactive protein is associated with ____ plaques and _____ of LDL cholesterol
unstable
oxidation
If atherosclerosis is present in the coronary arteries, then the patients symptoms would be
angina, shortness of breath, arrhythmias, MI
If atherosclerosis is present in the carotid arteries, then the patients symptoms would be
sudden weakness, paralysis, confusion, trouble speaking, problems breathing, dizziness, sudden headache (stroke symptoms)
If atherosclerosis is present in the peripheral arteries, then the patients symptoms would be
numbness, pain, infections (peripheral vascular disease, gangrene)
If atherosclerosis is present in the renal arteries, then the patients symptoms would be
fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, edema, itching (chronic kidney disease)
Risk of CAD in men increases after age ___ and women after age____
45-men
55-women
The primary ages of CAD are between ages ___-___
40-60
Hyperlipidemia can be treated by x3
- Medications
- Diet
- exercise
Hypertension can be treated with
medications
4 modifiable risk factors for CAD are
- Smoking
- Diabetes
- hypertension
- Hyperlipemia
4 nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD are
Genetics (hypertension, diabetes, pro-inflammatory state)
Age (critical threshold between 40-60)
Gender (estrogen is protective in premenopausal women)
Family history
The most major risk factor for atherosclerosis is
Hyperlipidemia
2 ways that lower HDL levels are
smoking and obesity
2 ways that have a positive affect on lipid levels
exercise and moderate consumption of alcohol
Statins are
HMG CoA reductase inhibtors
fibrates work by
lowering triglycerides and raise HDL
Bile acid sequestrants work by
inhibiting enterohepatic reuptake of intestinal bile salts which in turn increase fecal loss of LDL
Prevalence of atherosclerosis if highest in _____ and _____ and lowest in ________
Non-hispanic black and Non- hispanic whites
American indians or Alaska natives
