Introduction to Bacte

Question 1

The first to use a lens to observe the smallest unit of
tissues he called “cells

Answer 1

Robert Hooke

Question 2

The first person to observe and accurately describe microorganisms (bacteria & protozoa) called “animalcules” (little animals)

Answer 2

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 3

“Father of Hand Hygiene”; Hand washing; infection control

Answer 3

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis

Question 4

Modern epidemiology

Answer 4

John Snow

Question 5

Demonstrated that different types of microbes produce different fermentation products

Answer 5

Louis Pasteur

Question 6

Heating liquids to 63– 65°C for 30 minutes or 73– 75°C for 15 seconds

Answer 6

Pasteurization

Question 7

A theory which explains that “Specific microbes cause specific infectious diseases”

Answer 7

Germ Theory of Disease

Question 8

He developed methods of fixing, staining, and photographing bacteria, methods of cultivating bacteria on solid media

Answer 8

Robert Koch

Question 9

First proposed the use of agar in culture media

Answer 9

Fanne Hesse

Question 10

Developed the Petri dish (plate), a container used for solid culture

Answer 10

Richard Petri

Question 11

• Tyndallisation
• Provided the initial evidence that some of the microbes in dust and air have very high heat resistance

Answer 11

John Tyndall

Question 12

Aseptic techniques using physical & chemical agents

Answer 12

Joseph Lister

Question 13

Developed Vaccination (smalpox vaccine)

Answer 13

Edwrd Jenner

Question 14

Developed phagocytic theory of immunity

Answer 14

Elie Metchnikoff

Question 15

Developments of chemotherapy

Answer 15

Paul Ehrlich

Question 16

Discovery of the first alpha drug

Answer 16

Gerhard Domagk

Question 17

discover the first antibiotic penicillin

Answer 17

Alexander Fleming

Question 18

Selman Waksman

Answer 18

Streptomycin

Question 19

(the evolutionary history of organisms) and scientific study of all living things in virtually
every biologic discipline, including microbiology.

Answer 19

phylogeny

Question 19

pro vides a more detailed but very complex analysis of the cur rent classification system using ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA)

Answer 19

polyphasic taxonomy

Question 19

systematic process applied to all living entities, providing a consistent means to classify, name (nomenclature), and identify organisms.

Answer 19

Taxonomy

Question 20

variations in gene expression not caused by nucleic acid sequence similarities or differences

Answer 20

epigenetic

Question 21

gold standard” for classification of bacterial species has historically been based on

Answer 21

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) including DNA hybridization (DDH) patterns and 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA)

Question 22

The identification and classification of microorganisms that include protein studies, fatty acid analysis, and cell wall composition.

Answer 22

chemotaxonomic methods

Question 23

a method for organizing microorganisms into groups or taxa based on similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits.

Answer 23

Classification

Question 24

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya is classified as

Answer 24

Domain

Question 25

contains similar divisions or phyla; most inclusive taxa

Answer 25

Kingdom

Question 26

contains similar classes; equivalent to the Division taxa in botany

Answer 26

Phylum

Question 27

(contains similar orders)

Answer 27

Class

Question 28

Contain similar families

Answer 28

Order

Question 29

contains similar genera

Answer 29

Family

Question 30

(contains similar species)

Answer 30

Genus

Question 31

specific epithet, most basic of the taxonomic groups

Answer 31

Species

Question 32

environmental prokaryotes (blue green or cyanobacteria) and the heterotrophic medically relevant bacteria.

Answer 32

Bacteria

Question 33

environmental isolates that live in extreme habitats such as high salt concentrations, jet fuel, or high temperatures

Answer 33

Archaea

Question 34

also contains medically relevant organisms, including fungi and parasites.

Answer 34

Eukarya

Question 35

naming of microorganisms according to established rules and guidelines set forth in the ICNP

Answer 35

Nomenclature

Question 35

relate to an organism’s genetic makeup, including the nature of the organism’s genes and constituent nucleic acids

Answer 35

Genotypic characteristics

Question 36

a system of nomenclature, every organism is assigned a genus and a species of Latin or Greek derivation

Answer 36

Binomial

Question 36

process by which a microorganism’s key features are delineated

Answer 36

Microbial Identification

Question 37

s a group of organisms that may contain multiple genera and consists of organisms with a common attribute.

Answer 37

Family

Question 38

contains different species that have several important features in common

Answer 38

Genus

Question 39

most basic of the taxonomic groups and can be defined as a collection of bacterial strains that share common physi ologic and genetic features and differ notably from other microbial species.

Answer 39

Species

Question 40

e process by which a micro organism’s key features are delineated.

Answer 40

Microbial Identification

Question 41

organism’s genetic makeup, including the nature of the organism’s genes and constituent nucleic acids

Answer 41

Genotypic characteristics re

Question 42

based on features beyond the genetic level, including both readily observable character istics and features that may require extensive analytic pro cedures to be detected.

Answer 42

Phenotypic characteristics