INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY

Question 1

Prokaryote has no nuclear membrane , single circular DNA haploid genome

Answer 1

Trueee macam bacteria, archae

Question 2

Prokaryote respiration site ?

Answer 2

cytoplasmic membrane(no sterols) bcs it has no mito, no golgi, no endoplasmic reticulum, simple flagellum

Question 3

Eukaryote respiration site?

Answer 3

mitochondria (contain sterols) hv mito, golgi, ER, complex flagellum

Question 4

essential components in bacteria

Answer 4

cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosome, nucleoid DNA, mesosome, periplasm (gram -)

Question 5

non essential components in bacteria

Answer 5

capsule, fimbriae, pilus, spore , plasmid , granule , glycocalyx

Question 6

glycocalyx fx (hv polypeptide, polysaccaride)

Answer 6

contribute to bacterial virulence
protect against phagocytosis
protect against dehydration

Question 7

E. coli - peritrichous
Vibroe cholerae - monorichous
helicobacer pylori - laphotrichous
campylobacter jejuni - amphitrichous

Answer 7

P- all over cell
M- one polar single
L - one polar many
A- polar both

Question 8

fibriae fx

Answer 8

mediate attachment to each other and to surface of epithelial body

Question 9

pili fx

Answer 9

Pili helps DNA transfer(sex pilus during conjugation)

Question 10

nucleoid fx

Answer 10

contains all information needed to make protein and replicate DNA

Question 11

plasmid fx (small circular , supercoiled ds DNA, replicate independently can transfered to other bacterium)

Answer 11

genes for antibiotic resistance , synthesis enzyme, tolerate toxic metals

Question 12

what is endospore ? (RESTING CELL)

Answer 12

when nutrients depleted it has no metabolic activity, cell are at rest, resistance to heat and toxic, remain dormant

Question 13

process of endospore formation is called ?

Answer 13

sporulation, sporogenesis

Question 14

coccus 0 arrangements

Answer 14

diplococci
streptococci (chains)
tetrad, sarcinae
staphylocoocci (gugusan)

Question 15

bacilli and spiral arrangements

Answer 15

curved rod (vibrio)
spirochete (helical and flexible) syphilis

Question 16

cell wall consists of PEPTIDOGLYCAN (murrein) tha hv repeating disaccharide attach by polypeptide what it consits of ?

Answer 16

n acetylglucosamine

n acetylmuramic acid

Question 17

have THICK layers of peptidoglycan , no outer membrane layer, contain teichoic acid
what gram is it ?

Answer 17

gram +

Question 18

hv THIN peptidoglycan layer and hv lipopolysaccaride

hv periplasm tht contains high concentration of degradative enzyme and transport protein

Answer 18

gram -

Question 19

teichonic acid fx

Answer 19

regulate movement of cations (+ ion into and out of cell)
prevvent extensive wall breakdown and cell lysis
provide antigenic specificity (identify gram+)

Question 20

gram - hv lipopolysaccaride (LPS) acts as protective barrier to antibiotic, digestive enzyme and the outer membrane permeability is due to porins, layer consist of ?

Answer 20

lipid A - act as endotoxin when die
core polysaccharide -provide stability
o polysaccharide - as antigen

Question 21

types of stain

Answer 21

simple staining
differential staining (gram staining, acid fast)
special staining (capsule and spore)

Question 22

gram + is

Answer 22

PURPLE

Question 23

gram - is

Answer 23

PINK

Question 24

what is gram staining ?

Answer 24

procedure which bacteria can be classified by the ability of cell wall to absorb crystal violet dye followed by safranin counter stain

Question 25

principle of gram staining ?

Answer 25

``` crystal violet (purple) lugols iodine (decrease solubility of dye) acetone iodine (gram - colourless bcs LPS dissolve) safranin (gram - colourless become pink) ```

Question 26

acid fast stain requirenments?

Answer 26

primary and mordant staining with strong carbol fuschin (red) decolourization w acid alcohol (colourless) counterstain w methylene blue (blue)

Question 27

stain enter the mycolic acid in cell walls using the carbol fuschin > if it non acid fast turns colourless > counter strain : acid fast (red) non acid fast (blue)

Answer 27

ingatttt