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Biochem concepts > Introduction to Balanced Growth > Flashcards

Introduction to Balanced Growth Flashcards

1
Q

represents an approximation where the average cellular synthesis
activities are not affected by the growing cell population as the coordination is relatively
perfect.

A

Balanced growth kinetics

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2
Q

In an environment favorable for growth, cells regulate their metabolism and adjust the rates of various internal reactions so that a condition of_____________ occurs

A

balanced growth

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3
Q

Under balanced growth kinetics, the composition of the biomass remains

A

constant

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4
Q

the cell is able to modulate the effects of external perturbations and keep the biomass composition steady despite changes in environmental conditions.

A

balanced growth

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5
Q

For the biomass composition to remain constant during growth, the specific rate of production of each component in the culture must be equal to the __________

A

cell specific growth rate, ΞΌ.

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6
Q

Balanced growth cannot be achieved if environmental changes affect the

A

rate of growth

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7
Q

balanced growth occurs at the same time as

A

exponential growth

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8
Q

In _____________, the progressive doubling of cell number results in a continually
increasing rate of growth in the population.

A

unicellular organisms

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9
Q

A bacterial culture undergoing balanced growth mimics a

A

first-order autocatalytic chemical
reaction

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10
Q

the rate of the cell population increase at any particular time is proportional to the ____________ of bacteria present at that time

A

number density (CN)

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11
Q

The specific growth rate of the cells depends on the _________________ during growth and decline phases of batch culture

A

concentration of nutrients in the medium

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12
Q

a single substrate exerts a dominant influence on the rate of growth

A

growth-rate limiting substrate or, growth-limiting substrate

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13
Q

often the carbon or nitrogen source, although in some cases it is oxygen or another oxidant such as nitrate

A

growth-limiting substrate

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14
Q

the specific growth rate is related to the concentration of the growth limiting substrate by

A

Monod equation

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15
Q

Monod equation is proposed by _____ in ________

A

French biochemist Jacques Monod in 1942

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16
Q

this ________ type of equation was used to relate the growth rate of a microorganism culture to the prevailing feed concentration.

A

saturation isotherm

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17
Q

one of the most widely employed expressions for the effect of substrate concentration on specific growth rate

A

Monod equation

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18
Q

an empirical expression based on the form of
equation normally associated with enzyme kinetics or gas adsorption.

A

Monod equation

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19
Q

Monod equation has same form as the rate equation for an enzyme catalyzed reaction _________ and ________

A

Michaelis-Menten equation, Langmuir adsorption isotherm:

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20
Q

intrinsic parameters of the cell-substrate system

A

πœ‡π‘šπ‘Žπ‘₯ and 𝐾s

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21
Q

According to the Monod equation, further increase in the nutrient concentration after πœ‡ reaches πœ‡π‘šπ‘Žπ‘₯ __________

A

does not affect the specific growth rate

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22
Q

Typical values of 𝐾𝑆 are very small of the order of ________for carbohydrate substrates and
___________ for other compounds like amino acids

A

mg per liter, πœ‡π‘” per liter

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23
Q

The concentration of the growth-limiting substrate [S] in culture media is normally ________ than 𝐾s

A

much greater

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24
Q

_____ is assumed to be insignificant

A

𝐾𝑆

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25
Q

___________ and ____________ as long as S remains greater than about ____, which is usually for most of the culture period

A

πœ‡ β‰ˆ πœ‡π‘šπ‘Žπ‘₯ and growth follows exponential kinetics, 10 𝐾S

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26
Q

most frequently used expression relating growth rate to substrate concentration

A

Monod equation

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27
Q

Monod equation is valid only for _________ and should not be applied when growth conditions are changing rapidly.

A

balanced growth

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28
Q

At __________ levels, the Monod equation has limited applicability

A

low substrate

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29
Q

When growth is inhibited by ___________, extra terms can be added to the Monod equation to account for these effects.

A

high substrate or product concentrations

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30
Q

Alternative equations to Monod equation

A

Blackman equation, Tessier Equation, Moser equation, Contois equation

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31
Q

This refers to the metabolic needs of a cell to stay viable by consuming nutrients or converting intercellular materials

A

Endogenous Metabolism

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32
Q

During the _________, the cell catabolizes cellular reserves for new building blocks and for energy-producing monomers

A

stationary phase

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33
Q

an extension of the Monod model which gives way for a maintenance energy

A

Cell Maintenance

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34
Q

recognizes that generated energy by substrate consumption is not solely used in cell growth, but also in different functions

A

Cell Maintenance

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35
Q

represents the amount of substrate diverted from growth

A

π‘š = specific maintenance rate

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36
Q

Other related forms of specific growth rate dependence

A

Tessier, Moser, and Contois

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37
Q

A model that describes the specific growth rate as a function of continuous substrate concentration.

A

Tessier Model

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38
Q

A model based on substrate concentration only

A

Moser Model

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39
Q

A model based on both substrate and biomass concentration.

A

Contois Model -

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40
Q

saturation constant

A

Ks

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41
Q

For Monod, the constants for the differential equation, a,b,k

A

0 2 1/𝐾𝑠

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42
Q

For Tessier, the constants for the differential equation, a,b,k

A

0 1 1/K

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43
Q

For Moser, the constants for the differential equation, a,b,k

A

1 βˆ’1/𝑛
1 +1/𝑛
1/(𝐾𝑠^(1/n))

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44
Q

For Contois,the constants for the differential equation, a,b,k

A

0 2 1/𝐾𝑆x

45
Q

binds to the active site and prevents the substrate from binding there

A

competitive inhibitor

46
Q

binds to a different site on the enzyme; it
doesn’t block substrate binding, but it causes other changes in the enzyme so that it can no
longer catalyze the reaction efficiently

A

noncompetitive inhibitor

47
Q

There are two main types of mathematical models of growth kinetics

A

structured and unstructured

48
Q

simplest types of product formation kinetics arise when there is a simple stoichiometric connection between product formation and substrate utilization or cell growth

A

Unstructured models (UKM)

49
Q

represent, from a simple global point of view, the metabolic behavior of
biomass cell production

A

Unstructured models (UKM)

50
Q

In unstructured models, products are categorized into various types based on their relationship with microbial growth

A

Growth-associated products followed by Non-growth- associated products and Mixed-mode product formation.

51
Q

The product is formed along with the growth of the microbial cells and product concentration is almost directly proportional to microbial
growth rate

A

growth-associated products

52
Q

Formed by growing cells and hence primary
metabolites

A

Growth-linked products

53
Q

In growth associated, That is product concentration __________with cell concentration

A

increases

54
Q

In _____________, product formation is nowhere related to the growth rate of microbial cells but it’s a function of cell concentration and we can say that product formation and microbial growth rate are almost ___________to each other

A

non-growth associated products, inversely proportional

55
Q

In many fermentations, especially those involving ___________, significant
product formation does not occur until relatively late in __________, perhaps
approaching or into the stationary phase.

A

secondary metabolites, batch cultivation

56
Q

Fermentation of _________ follows the non-growth associated product

A

penicillin

57
Q

In mixed mode, The product formation from the microorganism depends on both ____________

A

growth and non-growth associated

58
Q

It takes place during growth and stationary phases

A

Mixed-mode

59
Q

Mixed-mode is evident, especially in the

A

Leudeking Piret Model.

60
Q

empirical relationship widely used to evaluate specific production rates of
some metabolites or other products in cultured cell

A

Leudeking Piret Model.

61
Q

Leudeking Piret model is developed in _______ for ________ production in batch and continuous culture

A

1959, lactic acid

62
Q

has proved extremely useful and versatile in fitting product formation data from many different fermentations

A

Leudeking Piret kinetics

63
Q

This is the expected kinetic form when the
product is the result of energy-yielding metabolism, as in several anaerobic
fermentations

A

Leudeking Piret kinetics

64
Q

The values of 𝛼 and 𝛽 in _____________ determine the product formation kinetics of the cell.

A

Leudeking Piret kinetics

65
Q

If 𝛼 = 0, the product is

A

non-growth associated

66
Q

If 𝛽 = 0, the product is

A

growth-associated

67
Q

If 𝛼 β‰  0 and 𝛽 β‰  0, the product is

A

mixed growth associated

68
Q

introduced a classification of many of these
possibilities which serves to illustrate some possible cases

A

F. H. Deindoerfer

69
Q

Deindoerfer’s classification of fermentation patterns

A

simple, simultaneous, consecutive, stepwise

70
Q

Nutrients converted to products in a fixed stoichiometry without accumulation of intermediates

A

Simple reactions

71
Q

Nutrients converted to products in a variable stoichiometry without accumulation of intermediates.

A

Simultaneous reaction

72
Q

Nutrients converted to a product with an
accumulation of an intermediate

A

Consecutive reactions

73
Q

Nutrients completely converted to intermediate before conversion to product, or selectively converted to product in preferential order.

A

Stepwise reactions

74
Q

Two important guidelines in writing structured product formation kinetics model

A
  1. all reactions should be expressed in terms of intrinsic concentrations
75
Q

amount of a compound per unit cell mass or cell volume

A

intrinsic concentration

76
Q

amount of a compound per unit reactor volume

A

extrinsic concentration

77
Q

____________ concentrations cannot be used in kinetic expressions

A

Extrinsic

78
Q

Synthesis of several microbial antibiotics and other secondary metabolites is inhibited by

A

high concentrations of phosphate.

79
Q

The more accurately a kinetic description describes the actual chemical events that occur, the __________the kinetic model

A

more robust

80
Q

the model is more likely to produce good results when applied to conditions other than those used to evaluate the model and determine its parameters

A

Robust

81
Q

process by which cells make proteins.

A

Protein synthesis

82
Q

Two stages of protein synthesis

A

transcription and translation

83
Q

the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to
mRNA in the nucleus

A

Transcription

84
Q

Three steps under transcription

A

initiation, elongation, and termination.

85
Q

After the mRNA is processed, it carries the instructions to a _____________ in the cytoplasm.

A

ribosome

86
Q

Translation occurs at

A

ribosome

87
Q

Assuming balanced growth, the rate of mRNA synthesis and rate of protein
synthesis are both

A

zero

88
Q

To account for gene transcription modulation by an operator system, the __________ is introduced

A

promoter utilization efficiency

89
Q

The rate of synthesis is proportional to the _________ and _________ with which this mRNA is utilized at the
ribosomes

A

concentration of mRNA coding for the protein and the efficiency

90
Q

are those whose cells are not separated following cell division and so tend to grow in the form of β€˜filaments

A

Filamentous organisms

91
Q

Example of filamentous organisms

A

molds

92
Q

often form microbial pellets at high cell densities in suspension culture

A

Filamentous organisms

93
Q

The growth models of molds should include the ___________ and
consumption of nutrients within the pellet at large pellet sizes.

A

simultaneous diffusion

94
Q

can grow on the surface of a moist solid

A

filamentous cells

95
Q

common example of kinetics of product formation and substrate utilization of molds and those of other filamentous microbes

A

Penicillin batch fermentation

96
Q

For ___________ in a fixed batch time, there is an optimal initial substrate
concentration

A

maximum product yield

97
Q

When there is an abundance of substrate, _______ occurs

A

fast fermentation

98
Q

little product is formed and the substrate is primarily used for biomass production

A

fast fermentation

99
Q

By minimizing branching in actively growing hyphae in the inoculum, product formation is
__________.

A

maximized

100
Q

The__________ the degree of branching, however, the longer the lag phase and thus the
required batch time

A

smaller

101
Q

substantially capable of predicting product formation

A

kinetic model of cell growth

102
Q

Cell populations are typically _________with respect to individual cell size, age, growth
rates, and other properties

A

heterogeneous

103
Q

The major disadvantage of ______________ models is their mathematical complexity

A

segregated kinetic

104
Q

Cell division ___________ result in the production of two viable progeny.

A

does not always

105
Q

if 𝛩 is ___________ then doubling time for a single cell is less than overall doubling time

A

not zero

106
Q

may be used to calculate other frequency functions and average population properties with direct physical significance

A

age density function

107
Q

Single cells may increase in mass while the total mass of the cell population increases

A

exponentially

108
Q

The volume distribution which could be measured experimentally using a

A

Coulter counter or light-scattering flow cytometry measurements

109
Q

Expresses the
specific product formation rate by cells that have spent a total time ΞΈ in the reactor by βˆ‘ 𝐴𝑖𝑒
π‘ž βˆ’π‘˜π‘–ΞΈ
𝑖=1
.

A

product formation model of Ping Shu

Biochem concepts (6 decks)

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