Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BDS2. SEM2 - Cancer > Introduction to Benign and Malignant Disease > Flashcards

Introduction to Benign and Malignant Disease Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Cell proliferation in adult tissues?

A

In adult tissues size of the cell population is determined by the rates of cell proliferation, differentiation and death by apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What can cell numbers be altered by?

A
  • By increased or decreases rates of stem cell input.
  • By cell death due to apoptosis
  • By changes in the rate of proliferation or differentiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the key to regeneration of a cell population?

A

Control of the cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Growth of cell can result from..

A
  • Shortening cell cycle time

- Recruiting cell from resting or quiescent population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many stages in cell division and what are they?

A 
4 stages:
1- G1
2- S
3- G2
4- M
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens in stage G0?

A

Cells are quiescent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the principle task of cell division cycle?

A

Replicate DNA and segregate the duplicated chromosomal DNA equally to two daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why do cell enter the division cycle?

A

It is in response to growth stimulation - commitment and restriction in G1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

S phase must be completed before what?

A

Before mitosis begins and vice versa - mechanisms for monitoring progress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What occurs in the checkpoints?

A

Replication of damaged DNA or segregation of chromosomes must not occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inhibitors of apoptosis?

A
  • Growth factors
  • Cell matrix components
  • Viral proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Inducers of apoptosis?

A
  • Withdrawal of growth factors
  • Loss of matrix attachment
  • Viruses
  • Free radicals
  • Ionising radiation
  • DNA damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Molecular mediator and regulators of apoptosis?

A
  • Extrinsic pathway
  • Intrinsic pathway
  • Caspases - cascade
  • p53
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Extrinsic pathway..

A

Death receptors eg CD95/F as ligand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Intrinsic pathway..

A
  • Increased mitochondrial permeability
  • Bcl-2 family
  • Can induce or inhibit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Increased apoptosis include:

A
  • AIDS
  • Neurodegenerative disorders
  • Reprefusion innjury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Decreased apoptosis include:

A
  • Neoplasia

- Auto-immune disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Disorders of growth and neoplasis…

A
  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Atrophy
  • Hypoplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Neoplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is hypertrophy? and which muscles are related to it?

A
  • An increase in cell size. It is physiological and pathological

Muscles:

  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is hyperplasia? and which organs are related to it?

A
  • An increase in cell number. It is physiological and pathological.
    Enlargement of gingival tissues.

Hormonally sensitive organs:

  • Endometrium
  • Breast
  • Thyroid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is atrophy?

A
  • Reduction in cell size by loss of cell substances.
    It is physiological (thyroglossal duct) and pathological.
  • Ageing
  • Lack of use: Mehcanical or functional
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is hypoplasia?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Reduced size of an organ that never fully developed to normal size

A developmental defect - eg. Pulmonary hypoplasia

24
Q

What is Metaplasia?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

Reprogramming of stem cells - eg. Barrett’s oesophagus, Bronchus, Salivary duct

25
What can Metaplasia affect?
Affect the mesenchymal tissues
26
What is dysplasia "Abnormal growth"?
A pre-malignant process and can be identified in many tissues eg. Epithelia.
27
Degrees of dysplasia?
- Mild - Moderate - Severe (carcinoma in situ) The more severe = risk of progressing to invasive malignancy
28
What is neoplasia "New growth" result from?
Aberration of normal mechanisms that control cell number eg: - Cell production by cell division - Cell loss by apoptosis
29
What are the classification of tumours?
- Behaviour | - Histogenesis
30
Behaviour tumour is split into:
1- Benign | 2- Malignant
31
What are the growth pattern of benign tumour?
- Expand and remain localised. - Typically well-circumscribed - Often encapsulated
32
What is the growth rate of benign tumour?
Slow
33
What is the clinical effects of benign tumour?
Local pressure effects; hormone secretions
34
What is the treatment of benign tumour?
Local excision
35
What is Pleomorphic Adenoma?
A benign salivary gland neoplasm
36
Histology of benign tumour?
Resembles tissue of origin
37
Nuclei of benign tumour?
Small, regular and uniform
38
Mitoses of benign tumour?
Few and normal
39
What is the growth pattern of malignant tumours?
Infiltrate locally and metastasize
40
What is the growth rate of malignant tumour?
Fast
41
What is the clinical effects of malignant tumour?
- Local pressure and destruction. - Inappropriate hormone secretion - Distant metastases
42
What is the treatment of malignant tumour?
- Excision with or without the additional therapy
43
Histology of malignant tumour?
Variable, many differ from tissue of origin
44
Nuclei of malignant tumour?
Large and pleomorphic (inconsistent)
45
Mitoses of malignant tumour?
Increased, often numerous and abnormal forms
46
Benign and malignant of tissue covering epithelia
Benign: Papilloma Malignant: Carcinoma
47
Benign and malignant of tissue Glandular epithelia
Benign: Adenoma Malignant: Adenocarcinoma
48
Why do tumour types matter?
Tumour types behave in different ways and therefore the treatment would differ.
49
Define carcinoma
A cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs.
50
Define sarcoma
a malignant tumour of connective or other non-epithelial tissue
51
What do tumour type influence?
It influences how patients are investigated, treated and monitored
52
Aggressive vs indolent tumours?
Aggressive tumours: - May need to treat before tissue diagnosis - Risk: benefit to consider at all times - Aggressive therapy may be necessary and risk are justifiable - Sometimes appropriate to avoid early active treatment
53
What does the prognosis of tumour grade depend on?
Depends on the differentiation of tumour. The more differentiated the tumour - tend to have better prognosis
54
Tumour stages..
TNM system ``` T = greatest diameter of tumour, structures invaded N = regional lymph node status M = distant metastasis ```
55
High tumour stage results in...
Poor prognosis

BDS2. SEM2 - Cancer (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions