Introduction to Biology Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
What is science?
A
The word science is derived from the Latin word scientia, meaning knowledge.
In ancient times, science meant knowledge or learning.
Nowadays, science is the study of the physical and natural world around us
2
Q
Define Biology.
A
The word biology consists of two Greek words bios meaning life and logos meaning thought, reasoning, or study.
Biology is the study of living things.
It helps us to understand how living things relate to one another and to their surroundings.
3
Q
Botany?
A
Botany is the study of plants.
4
Q
Zoology
A
study of animals
5
Q
Microbiology?
A
the scientific study of microorganisms, those being unicellular, multicellular, or acellular.
6
Q
Morphology
A
the study of the size, shape, or in other words, the external structure of the organism.
7
Q
Anatomy?
A
study of the internal structure of organisms.
8
Q
What anatomy is also called?
A
internal morphology
9
Q
Physiology?
A
study of the functions and mechanism of various organs of the organisms
10
Q
Histology?
A
microscopic study of tissues of organisms.
11
Q
cell biology?
A
study of the structure and functions of the cell.
12
Q
genetics?
A
study of genes and heredity.
13
Q
Embryology?
A
study of the developmental stages of an organism from egg to the formation of a new organism. It deals with the developmental stages of embryo and congenital disorders that occur before birth.
14
Q
Taxonomy
A
Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification.
classification and naming of an organism
15
Q
Ecology is also called
A
environmental biology
16
Q
ecology?
A
study of the interrelationship of organisms and their environment. An ecologist studies the relationship between living things and their habitats
17
Q
socio-biology
A
the study of the social behavior of organisms that makes societies
18
Q
immunology
A
the ability of the body to protect itself from foreign substances and cells including infectious microbes and pathogens is called immunity and the study of immunity is called immunology.
19
Q
what are the divisions of biology?
A
3 main divisions
Botany zoology microbiology
20
Q
how many branches are there?
Name all of them.
A
16
Peacetimes
21
Q
what are fossils?
A
Fossils are the remains of living things preserved by natural processes.
22
Q
why is the study of fossils important?
A
The study of fossils helps us to understand
where life and humans came from
how our Earth and environment have changed through geological time
process of evolution.
23
Q
Pharmacology?
A
The science that deals with the study of drugs and their effects on the systems of the human body.
24
Q
what are parasites?
A
Parasites derive their nutrients & shelter from the host organism and in return cause harm to the host organism.
25
Palaeontology
study of fossils
26
Biophysics?
The study of biological phenomena according to the principles & laws of Physics.
Biological organisms work on the principles of physics eg the movement of muscles & bones.
27
what are the careers that require a background in Biology?
7 careers
MBBS
Fisheries
Farming and Agriculture
Animal Husbandry
Biotechnology
Horticulture
Forestry
28
MBBS full form?
Bachelor of Medicine & Bachelor of Surgery
29
what is medicine?
Medicine is the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases
30
what is surgery?
Surgery is the branch that treats diseases by removal or replacement of defective parts or organs.
31
Biometry
Statistics is related to collecting and analyzing various data or facts. The collection of biological data through observations, experiments and analysing them according to statistical rules for biological study
32
biochemistry
Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. It is the discipline combining the study of chemistry with the study of biology, or in other words a sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology. Living organisms consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc and chemical reactions such as digestion of food, respiration and photosynthesis take place in the organism.
33
biogeography?
The study of the distribution of plants and animals in different geographical regions of the world is called biogeography
34
Bioeconomics
The study of biology from an economic point of view. Production of wheat, fish rice and studying their export value etc are examples of bioeconomics. For example
the cost value and profit value of the
yield of wheat can be calculated through
bioeconomics and benefits or losses can be
determined.
35
Fisheries?
The fisheries sector makes a significant contribution to the economy of Pakistan. Careers associated with it are fish farming, fishery management, and related research.
Fisheries is the professional study of **fish production**. There are departments in Pakistan where professional of fisheries are employed. They serve for enhancing the quality and quantity of fish production. In Pakistan this profession can be adopted after the bachelor or masters level study of zoology and fisheries.
36
Animal Husbandry?
Animal Husbandry is the care and breeding of DOMESTIC animals. The careers associated are veterinary science, animal breeding and animal training etc
37
Horticulture
Horticulture means the art of gardening. Horticulture works for the betterment of existing varieties and for the production of new varieties of ornamental plants and fruit plants.
Biology students can adopt this profession after their higher secondary education.
The careers involved are plant breeding etc
38
Forestry
It is the science of planting, managing, and caring for forests. In forestry, professionals look after natural forests and give advice to the government for planting and growing artificial forests. Many universities offer professional courses in forestry after higher secondary education in biology or after bachelor-level study of zoology and botany.
The careers related are forest ecology, environmental engineering etc
39
Name some Muslim scientists.
Jabir Bin Hayyan
Abdul Malik Asmai
Bu Ali Sina
40
What was the contribution of Jabir Hin Hayyan?
He was born in Iran and practised medicine in Iraq. He introduced experimental investigation in chemistry and also wrote a number of books on plants and animals. His famous books are “AlNabatat” and “Al-Haywan”.
41
What was the contribution of Abdul Malik Asmai?
He is considered the first Muslim scientist who studied animals in detail.
## Footnote
His famous writings include
“Al-Abil (camel)”, “Al-Khail (horse)”, “Al-Wahoosh (animal)”, and “Kalq al-Ansan
42
What was the contribution of Bu Ali Sina?
He is honoured as the founder of medicine and called as Avicenna in the West. He was a physician, philosopher, astronomer and poet. One of his books “Al-Qanun-fi al-Tib” is known as the canon of medicine in West.
| book of healing
43
what are bioelements?
About 16 of the 92 natural elements are essential to life. These are called bioelements.
Any chemical element that is found in the molecules and compounds that make up a living organism.
44
how many elements make up 99% of the total biomass? Name them.
6 elements
Oxygen O
Carbon C
Hydrogen H
Nitrogen N
Calcium Ca
Phosphorus P
45
what are the elements that make 1% of the total biomass?
10 elements
Potassium K
Sulphur S
chlorine cl
sodium Na
Magnesium Mg
Iron Fe
Copper Cu
Manganese Mn
Zinc Zn
Iodine I
## Footnote
snick
46
What is the percentage composition of six bioelements.
conchp
Oxygen O 65%
Carbon C 18%
Hydrogen H 10%
Nitrogen N 3%
Calcium Ca 2%
Phosphorus P 1%
47
what is an organelle?
Organelles are sub-cellular structures.
48
biomolecules?
molecules that are found only in living organisms
49
who was the man who is considered as the founder of medicine?
Bu Ali Sina
50
who wrote books al nabatat and al haywan
Jabir Bin Hayyan
51
Who was the first Muslim scientist to contribute to Zoology Botany and Animal Husbandry?
Abdul Malik Asmai
52
who wrote the Book of Healing
Bu ali sina
53
what did Jabir Bin Hayyan introduce?
he introduced experimental investigation in chemistry
54
what is the famous book of Abdul Malik
Kitab khalaq al insan
Al-Abil (camel)
Al-Khail (horse)
Al- Wahoosh (animal)
55
what branch deals with the study of tissues?
Histology
56
what branch studies the functions of various organs?
Physiology
57
Biotechnology as a career?
Biotechnology is the use of living organism or their components to make useful products. It is the latest profession in the field of biology. Biotechnologists study and work for the production of useful products through micro-organisms. Universities offer courses in biotechnology after higher secondary education in biology and after bachelor-level studies in botany or zoology.
The careers are bacteriology, virology, and molecular genetics.
58
what is a cellular organization?
The organization of organisms on the basis of cells. Cells organize in **three** ways to make the bodies of organisms. Cells make unicellular, colonials and multicellular organizations and the organisms formed through these organizations are unicellular organisms, colonial organisms and multicellular organisms.
59
what is a unicellular organization?
The organisms that consist of only one cell are called unicellular organisms. In these organisms, all life activities are carried out by a single cell. The most familiar example is Amoeba proteus
bacteria, archaea, and Protozoa. yeast.
60
what is colonial organization?
The organization in which many cells live together as independent organisms. Each unicellular organism in a colony lives its own life and does not depend on other cells for its vital requirements. example: volvox.
Volvox is a colony of green alga cells having a loose association of cells found in water that shows colonial organization. Hundreds of Volvox cells make a colony. There is no division of labor among them so tissues and organs or not formed.
61
what is multicellular organization?
the organisms that consist of many cells .
In multicellular organization, cells are organized in the form of tissues, organs and organ systems. pg 13
62
what is the biological name of frog.
Rana tigrina
63
what is the botanical name of the mustard plant
Brassica campestris
64
what are the imp. biomolecules
carb protein lipids and nucleic acid
65
eg of micromolecules
sugars, fatty acids, water amino acids, and nucleotides
66
eg of macromolecules
starch, proteins, and DNA carbohydrates, lipids
67
Level of an organization?
1. Sub-atomic level - Atomic-level,
molecular level
organelle level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system level
organism level
population level
community level
biosphere level
68
Parasitology
the study of parasites
69
entomology
study of insects
70
biotechnology as a branch.
The study of using different techniques to manipulate living organisms for the benefit of mankind is called biotechnology.
71
what are the types of Biomolecules?
4
Carb, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
## Footnote
these are types!
72
Ayah that hints origin of life in water.meaning
We made every living thing from water Surah ambia 21 ayah 30
73
living things consist of __ to ____ percent of water.
85 to 90%
74
Ayah that hints creation of man
He made man from clay like the potter surah rahman ayah 14
75
Explain the creation of man according to the Quran.
The creation of man consisted of two steps. The first step was the creation from water. The second step was to mix clay with water to create man. It can be said for all animals as man shares all the characteristics of life with other animals.
76
Ayah that hints the developmental stages of man.
Then fashioned we the drop a clot,then fashioned we that clot a little lump, the fashioned we the little lump bones, then clotted the bones with flesh. surah al muminoon ayah 14
77
what is the division of labor?
The different functions performed by different cells and tissues.
78
define organ level with examples?
Organs are two or more types of tissues that work together to complete a specific task.
For example stomach is an organ specialized for the digestion of proteins and for storing food. Two major types of tissue
are present in its structure. Epithelial (glandular) tissue secretes gastric juice for the digestion of proteins.
Muscular tissue performs contractions of stomach walls for grinding of food and moving food to the posterior end. So two tissues perform their specific functions, which collectively become the function of the stomach.
Stomach heart liver brain lungs
79
define organ system level with examples.
an organ system is a group of organs that perform related functions
Digestive system, urinary system circulatory system, respiratory system, Nervous System
80
define organism level with examples
an organism has several organ systems that function together.
Different organs and organ systems are organized together to form an individual or organism.
In organism, the functions, processes and activities of various organs and organ systems are
coordinated. For example, when a man is engaged in continuous and hard exercise, not only his
muscles are working but also there is an increase in the rate of respiration and heart beat. This
accelerated rate of respiration and heart beat supplies more oxygen and food to the muscles which
they need for continuous work.
human
81
how does a cell become dependent on its fellow cells?
As a cell or tissue becomes more specialized, it becomes increasingly dependent on its fellow cells.
Example: a muscle cell depends on blood cells for its need of oxygen
82
what is a mustard plant?
Its botanical name of it is Brassica campestris. It can be divided into two parts on the basis of its functions. Vegetative parts consist of roots, stem leaves, and branches which do not take part in sexual reproduction. Reproductive parts consist of flowers, which directly take part in sexual reproduction, forming seeds and fruits.
83
what is a frog?
The biological name of the frog is Rana tigrina. It is an amphibian. The body of the frog consists of limbs. trunk and head.
84
eg of micromolecules
fans
fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides and sugars
85
eg of macromolecule
DLPS
DNA Proteins starch lipids
86
Farming and Agriculture
Farming deals with the development and maintenance of different types of farms.
The agriculture profession deals with the food crops and animals which are the source of food. An agriculturist works for the betterment of crops like wheat, rice corn etc and animals like buffalo, cows etc from which we get food. In Pakistan, there are many universities that offer professional courses on agriculture after the higher secondary education in biology.
Careers associated with agriculture are food science, agricultural engineering & agricultural entomology etc
87
Who was called Avicenna?
Bu ali sina was also called Avicenna in the west.
88
bio elements join together through _______________?
ionic and covalent bonding
89
explain the population level.
A population is defined as a group of organisms of
the same species located at the same place, at the same time. For example, the human population in
Pakistan in 2010 comprises 173.5 million individuals
90
explain the community level.
A community is an assemblage of different populations, interacting with one another within
the same environment.Communities are collections of organisms, in which one
population may increase and others may decrease. A forest may be considered as a community. It includes different plants,
microorganisms, fungi, and animal species. Some communities are complex e.g. a forest
community, a pond community etc. Other communities may be simple e.g. a fallen log with various
populations under it. In a simple community number and size of populations is limited. So any
change in biotic or abiotic factors may have drastic and long lasting effects.
91
explain the biosphere level
The part of the Earth inhabited by organisms’ communities is known as the biosphere. It constitutes all ecosystems (areas where living organisms interact with the nonliving components of the environment) and is also called the zone of life on Earth.
