Introduction to Blood I and II Flashcards
(41 cards)
What are the components of blood (formed and nonformed)?
Formed:
- RBCs (erythrocytes)
- WBCs (leukocytes)
- platelets (thrombocytes)
Non-formed (all make up plasma):
- water
- sugars
- proteins
- lipids
- vitamins
- minerals
- electrolytes
Describe how cells of blood develop from progenitor stem cells in the bone marrow
pluripotent stem cells differentiate into either myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells
lymphoid stem cells–> stem cells fro B and T lymphocytes
myeloid stem cells –> stem cells for erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
How long does it take RBCs to develop in bone marrow, how long do they last in periphery?
development: 7 days
life in periphery: 120 days
How long does it take neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils to develop in bone marrow, how long do they remain in circulation, tissues?
development: 10-14 days
blood circulation: <1 day
tissues: live for 1-2 days
How long does it take monocytes to develop in bone marrow, how long do they circulate, live?
development: 2-3 days
circulate: about 3 days
live: about 2 months
How long does it take platelets to develop, how long do they last in circulation?
development: 5-10 days
circulation: 7-10 days
What are the morphologic features of neutrophils?
- multilobed nuclei
- nuclei stain dark
- fine granules are visible in cytoplasm
- blue staining
What are the morphologic features of eosinophils?
- bilobed nuclei, stains blue
- granules in cytoplasm stains red
What are the morphologic features of basophils?
- bilobed nuclei, stains blue
- nuclei obscured by dark purple large granules in cytoplasm
What are the morphologic features of monocytes?
- large, indented nucleus; stains blue
- cytoplasm stains a light blue-gray with fine granules visible
What are the morphologic features of lymphocytes?
- stain blue with a very thin ring of cytoplasm around the nucleus
- nucleus is dark with gray-blue cytoplasm
- granules might be visible
- smaller than other WBCs
What is the function of neutrophils?
- first WBCs to arrive on scene
- acute immune response
- killers, digesters (degrade tissue), and clean up at end
- can phagocytose foreign material, including microbes
What is the function of eosinophils?
- involved in allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and chronic inflammation
- cytokines may cause tissue damage
What is the function of lymphocytes?
- main cells of immune system
- involved in cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity, and innate immunity
What is the function of basophils?
- related to mast cells of CT
- release vasoactive agents when stimulated
- mast cell precursor?
What is the function of monocytes?
- leave bone marrow and develop into macrophages in tissues where they phagocytose foreign material and cellular debris
- APCs for adaptive immune system
Leukopenia is related to functions of what WBCs?
- shortage of WBCs
- commonly found as neutrophenia, but lymphopenia does occur
Leukocytosis is related to what WBCs?
- increase of WBCs (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes)
- generally occurs due to one of three things:
1 - increased release from marrow, often due to infection
2 - decreased margination and extravasation due to corticosteroids or exercise
3 - increased number of marrow precursors due to infection, inflammation, or neoplasms
What is the significance of a left-shift of granulocytes in the blood?
- if body is under stress and needs a larger immune response (infection, inflammation, marrow disease, etc) then earlier precursors of granulocytes can be released into the blood where they will then mature
- these stressors will also increase the production of WBCs
- normally, neutrophils at this band stage will remain in the bone marrow and only mature neutrophils will be in circulation, but if a left shift occurs, then band neutrophils will be visible in circulation
Define anemia
- reduction in either RBCs or hemoglobin that leads to organ hypoxia (lack of ability to transport oxygen)
- some symptoms are pale appearance, weakness, easy fatigability, chest pain, and SOB on exertion
Anemia can be classified by what two approaches?
- underlying mechanism (kinetic approach)
- morphologic approahce
What are examples of kinetic approach classifications of anemia?
- increased blood loss (chronic or acute)
- increased destruction (infection of RBCs, antibody-mediated)
- impaired production (nutritional deficiencies, marrow disorders, thalassemia)
What are examples of morphologic approach classifications of anemia?
- macrocytic (larger than normal)
- microcytic (smaller than normal)
- normocytic (normal size)
- hypochromic (decreased amount of Hb, measured by MCHC or MCH; increased central pallor)
- normochromic (normal amount of Hb)
What are the main functions and components of the hemostasis system?
- rapid formation of a clot to stop bleeding from a damaged vessel
- prevent out of control clot formation
the four components of system are:
- vessel wall and platelets (primary hemostasis)
- coagulation cascade (secondary hemostasis)
- counter-regulatory mechanisms (factor inhibitors, fibrinolysis)
