Introduction to Cancer

Question 1

What represents the smallest functional unit of our existence?

Answer 1

A cell

Question 2

What 3 daily functions does the cell preform?

Answer 2

Metabolism, Reproduction, and Repair.

Question 3

What regulates the process of cell performance?

Answer 3

DNA & RNA

Question 4

What is Cancer?

Answer 4

Cancer is compromised of patient’s own cells that have gone abnormal.

Question 5

What are the basic characteristics of cancer?

Answer 5

Uncontrolled division and growth even though they are not needed.

Question 6

What mechanism does Cancer cells not contain?

Answer 6

They do not contain a turn over mechanism

Question 7

Why do Cancer cells keep dividing?

Answer 7

They experience no Contact Inhibition (A signal for stopping production of cells)

Question 8

When normal cells proliferate, they exhibit contact inhibition which creates what type of layer?

Answer 8

Monolayer.

Question 9

When transformed or abnormal cells proliferate what causes contact inhibition?

Answer 9

Nectin and nectin-like molecules

Question 10

What type of proteins do nectin or nectin-like molecules exhibit?

Answer 10

Glycoproteins

Question 11

What is the primary job of Glycoproteins?

Answer 11

Cell to cell communication?

Question 12

What biological structure/layer do abnormal cells exhibit do to contact inhibition?

Answer 12

Focus

Question 13

What is confluence in petri-dish?

Answer 13

Refers to the number of cells covered in the culture dish.

Question 14

What is the second leading cause of death in the US?

Answer 14

Cancer

Question 15

How forms of cancers are there?

Answer 15

100 different forms

Question 16

What is the most common group of skin cancer?

Answer 16

Skin Cancer (Ectodermal, Melanoma)

Question 17

How many deaths are due to cancer ? (Ratio)

Answer 17

1:4

Question 18

What is the number one Causes of Cancer in the US for Male and Female? (2019)

Answer 18

Male: Prostate
Female: Breast

Question 19

What is the number one estimated cancer deaths in the US? (2019)

Answer 19

Lung & Bronchus

Question 20

Does Tumor mean cancer?

Answer 20

NO

Question 21

Where do tumors arise in the human body?

Answer 21

In the normal tissues/cells

Question 22

Where can a tumor arise?

Answer 22

Anywhere in the trillion of cells in a human body (30-35 trillion)

Question 23

True or False: Tumors bear many histological features that resemble normal tissue where they arise?

Answer 23

True

Question 24

How are tumor masses cells distinguished by normal cells.

Answer 24

By organization, tumor masses are less organized than nearby tissue cells

Question 25

Where do tumor masses congregate on a cell

Answer 25

The Storma of the cell

Question 26

How does the storma of the cell crate a sanctuary for tumor cells?

Answer 26

The storma creates a micro-environment through macrophages.

Question 27

What happens to the Nucleus of the an effected Tumor Cell?

Answer 27

The Nucleus becomes large

Question 28

What are 5 Characteristics of Benign Tumor?

Answer 28

1) They are not cancerous 2) Cells in benign tumors do no spread to other parts of the body 3) They are often removed surgically 4) In most cases, they do not come back. 5) Not all tumors are lethal

Question 29

What are 5 Characteristics of Malignant Tumors?

Answer 29

1) They are cancerous 2) They grow out of control 3) Malignant cells invaded nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body 4) After spread. they can continue to grow and form another tumor at that site (Metastasis or Secondary Cancer) 5) Metastases keeps the name of the original cancer location,

Question 30

Does every malignant cell have secondary cancer?

Answer 30

No

Question 31

How does Secondary Cancer occur/

Answer 31

The tumor nodules occur after a few years.

Question 32

What makes most malignant Tumors lethal?

Answer 32

The cells travel through the blood stream and other lymphatic channels causes metastases

Question 33

While most cancer cells that enter the blood vessels or lymphatic tissues, only a few cells from what type of tumor?

Answer 33

Secondary Tumor

Question 34

What stage of life does change in proteins in malignant cells happen?

Answer 34

Embryonic Stages

Question 35

How do you form a secondary tumor?

Answer 35

The cell must attach itself to a vessel wall through basement membrane (Intravasation) Then works its way through the vessel and enter the tissue (Extravasation)

Question 36

When tumor cells survive long enough to establish a new tumor, the survivors can initiate ___ ________ of the cancer at different sites.

Answer 36

New Colonies

Question 37

What does Metastasis depends on?

Answer 37

The number of tumor cells that survive.

Question 38

What 2 physiological systems control metastasis?

Answer 38

Capillaries and Immune System.

Question 39

What two ways are cancers classified?

Answer 39

1. Type of Tissue in which it originates (histological type) 2. Primary site, the location in the body where the cancer first develops

Question 40

The histological classification can determine what site of the cancer?

Answer 40

The primary site, by staining molecules to identify where the cancer first originated.

Question 41

What are the five most common carcinomas?

Answer 41

1. Lung 2. Breast (women) 3. Colon 4. Bladder 5. Prostate (men)

Question 42

What type of cancer originates from the bloodstream?

Answer 42

Leukemias

Question 43

What type of cancer originates from epithelial cells?

Answer 43

Carcinoma

Question 44

What type of cancer originates from fat, bone, and muscle?

Answer 44

Sarcomas

Question 45

What are the 6 major categories of cancer in the medical professions (histological standpoint)?

Answer 45

Carcinoma, Sarcomas, Myelomas, Leukemias, Lymphoma, and Mixed Types (Tumor with characteristics of skin, teeth, etc.)

Question 46

What two ways are epithelial tumors derived?

Answer 46

1. Squamous Cell Carcinomas (originate from protective cell layer- skin) 2. Adenocarcinoma (Originate from the secretory epithelia: the origin of exocrine endocrine)

Question 47

Tumors arising in epithelia of Lung, Uterus, & Cervix may contain both ________ & ____-carcinoma cells?

Answer 47

Squamous and Adeno

Question 48

Which tumors may contain both squamous and adeno- carcinoma cells?

Answer 48

Epithelia of lung, Uterus, & Cervix

Question 49

What are the three Non-epithelia derived tumors?

Answer 49

1. Mesenchymal Cell Derived 2. Hematopoietic Cell Derived 3. Neuroactodermal Cell Derived

Question 50

Mesenchymal cell derived tumors originate from what two locations?

Answer 50

1) Sarcomas derived from connective tissues originating from mesoderm: the middle layer of an embryo between the ectoderm and endoderm. 2) Mesenchymal Cells (STEM CELLS) that form fibroblasts (SKIN, TENDON & LIGAMENT), adipocytes (FAT), osteoclast (BONE), myocytes (MUSCLE), chondrocyte (CARTILLAGE), astrocytes (CNS)

Question 51

What are hemangiomas? Cancer classification & how do they arise?

Answer 51

Mesenchymal derived tumor cell (Non-epithelia) | They arise from precursors of endothelial cells

Question 52

What are the two cell derived tumors for Hematopoietic?

Answer 52

Lymphomas & Leukemias

Question 53

What are the 5 derived Cell tumors of Neuroectodermal?

Answer 53

Gliomas, Glioblastomas, Neuroblastomas, Swannomas, Meduloblastomas

Question 54

What are the two deadliest Malignancy and its classification?

Answer 54

1. Glioblastoma, Neuroectodermal | 2. Melanoma, Neuroectodermal

Question 55

What Neuroectodermal malignancy is most likely to found in children?

Answer 55

Ependymoma: Ependymal cells that line the brain and spinal chord for support/flow of the cerebral spinal fluid.

Question 56

What are the four unclassified Tumors ?

Answer 56

1. Melanomas 2. Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLCs) 3. Teratomas 4. Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)

Question 57

True or False: Melanocytes are close to neuroectodermal origin and have a direct connection with the nervous system ?

Answer 57

False: They have no connection with the nervous system

Question 58

Small Cell Lung Carcinoma exhibit attributes of what type of cell, which causes a phenotypic shift known as?

Answer 58

Neurosecretory Cell | Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)

Question 59

Testicular Cancer is known as what? What type of precursors does it arise from?

Answer 59

Teratomas | Germ cell precursors

Question 60

What developed tumor contains the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm and is capable of differentiating into recognizable structure such as bone, hair, and teeth?

Answer 60

Teratomas

Question 61

What tumors have shed virtually all tissue specific differentiation traits and are totally dedifferentiated?

Answer 61

Cancer of Unknown Primary (CUP)

Question 62

What tumor contains no histopathologic criteria that could be applied to the tissue of their origin?

Answer 62

Anaplastic Tumors (CUP)

Question 63

True or False: Cancer = Malignant Tumor

Answer 63

True

Question 64

True or False: Cancer is a single condition.

Answer 64

False (Cancer consist of more than 100 different disease that are uncontrolled in growth and spread of abnormal cells)

Question 65

True or False: Cancer originating in one body organ takes its characteristics with it even if it spreads to another part of the body?

Answer 65

True

Question 66

What is the term of the mechanism that cancer cells to not self destruct?

Answer 66

Apoptosis

Question 67

How does cancer arise?

Answer 67

From a mutation of normal gene(s) in a cell.

Question 68

What is the name of mutated genes that cause cancer?

Answer 68

Oncogenes

Question 69

What causes proliferation or mutation of telomeres?

Answer 69

Oncogenes

Question 70

How many mutations does a cell have to experience to become malignant?

Answer 70

5-6 mutations.

Question 71

How do Oncogenes arise?

Answer 71

By a mutation that increase the expression or activity of Proto-oncogenes

Question 72

What increases the expression or activity of a Proto-Oncogene?

Answer 72

Proto-oncogene site being exposed to: 1. Cancer Causing Agents 2. Chemicals 3. Radiation 4. Genome or Virus

Question 73

How much percentage of DNA is viable in a cell? How much is junk DNA?

Answer 73

4% | 96%

Question 74

What is a factor that brings about a mutation called?

Answer 74

Mutagen

Question 75

A mutagen changes what part of the DNA?

Answer 75

Change in the nucleotide

Question 76

What is the name of an agent that causes cancer?

Answer 76

Carcinogen

Question 77

True or False: All carcinogen are mutagens?

Answer 77

True

Question 78

True or False all mutagen are carcinogen?

Answer 78

False