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week 1 > introduction to cell and organelles > Flashcards

introduction to cell and organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a cell ?

A

The basic unit from which living organisms are made consisting of an aqueous solution of organic molecules enclosed by a membrane

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2
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic cels and prokaryotic cells ?

A

Eukaryotic cells are organised and compartmentalised with membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

What can be found in a basic human cell

A

Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Plasma membrane
Peroxisomes and lysosomes
Cytoskeleton

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4
Q

What are organelles

A

Sub cellular compartments
Localise cell function
Usually membrane bound -> ribosomes exception
Specialised for unique functions

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5
Q

What is the nucleas ?

A

The largest organelle in the cell an contains genetic material of cell (dna) in form of chromosomes

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6
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Chromatin associated with histones
Each chromosome -> contains number of genes joined end to end with each gene coding for structure of single protein

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7
Q

The genetic blue print for all proteins (structural and enzymes) is contained where ?

A

The nucleas

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8
Q

What are the key features of the nucleas and label them

A
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9
Q

What is the function of nuclear membrane (nuclear envelope)

A

Double membrane layer that acts as a barrier that separates contents of nucleus from the cytoplasm

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10
Q

What is the structure of nuclear membrane

A

Inner and outer membrane
Phospholipid bilayers
Outer membrane is continuous with rough ER
Inner membrane contains nuclear lamina

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11
Q

What is the nuclear lamina

A

Structural mesh
Underneath nuclear membrane
Consists of intermediate filaments called lamins that link inner membrane proteins
Provide support

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12
Q

What is the nuclear pore and its function ?

A

Protein lined channel in the nuclear envelope.
Each nuclear pore complex consists of 30 proteins (nucleoporins)
Regulates transportation of molecules between nucleas and cytoplasm

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13
Q

What is the nucleolus ?

A

Spherical structure found in cells
Site of ribsomal rna synthesis
Production of ribosomes and ribosomal assembly

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14
Q

What are the main components of a plasma membrane ?

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol
Carbs
Proteins
Lipid/ membrane rafts

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15
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane ?

A

Form a barrier between each cell and its environment
Partitions cytoplasm of eukaryotes into compartment.
Ion gradients are maintained.

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16
Q

Explain the phospholipid bilayer ?

A

Thin polar membrane made up of two layers od phospholipid molecules

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17
Q

Explain phospholipid molecules

A

Amphiphilic
Consist of polar, hydrophilic head
Non polar hydrophobic tail
Form bilayer in aqueous solution
Hydrophilic heads directed outwards + hydrophobic forced together inwards

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18
Q

What do weak intermolecular forces of phospholipid allow it to do ?

A

Individual phospholipids can move freely between layers

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19
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the bilayer

A

1:1 ratio with cholesterol
Amphiphillic
Prevent overpacking of phospholipid fatty acid tails
Stabilise an regulate fluidity of phospholipid bilayer

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20
Q

What is the importance of membrane proteins ?

A

Cell to cell adhesion
Cell-matrix adhesion and intercellular signalling

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21
Q

Membrane lipids and proteins can also conjugate with what ?

A

Polysaccharides to form glycoproteins or glycolipids

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22
Q

What does mitochondria have its own of ?

A

Genome -> always inherited from mother

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23
Q

Explain the outer membrane of the mitochondria

A

Relatively permeable
Allows free passage of small molecules

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24
Q

Explain the inner membrane

A

Thinner than outer
Has complex folds and tubules called Cristae-> provide large surface area

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25
Explain the inter membrane space ?
Between the two membranes Contains cytochrome c Contains enzymes important in the etc chain
26
Explain the mitochondrial matrix
Site of mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes And contain enzymes for TCA cycle
27
What are functions of mitochondria
ATP production and apoptosis
28
Explain apoptosis
Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol Initiates apoptosis - occurs when cells detect significant DNA damage
29
What is the function of rough ER
Associated with ribosomes Protein synthesis Protein folding Protein modifications
30
What is the function of smooth er
It is not dotted with ribosomes Lipid synthesis Calcium storage
31
Explain the structure of the Golgi apparatus
A stack of flattened membrane bound sacs called cisternae With vesicles
32
Briefly describe function of Golgi apparatus
Proteins received from ER Modified and stored for eventual destination in the cell
33
What is the function of lysosomes
Degrade unwanted molecules Contain approx 50 degradative enzymes Optimal ph 5 - therefore only work in acid environments
34
What are peroxisomes ?
Membrane bound organelles Present in all cells but have different functions in different cell types
35
What is the function of peroxisomes
Perform enzymatic oxidation and contain a range of oxidative enzymes such as catalase Break down of fatty acids in b oxidation
36
What is the cytoskeleton
A framework of filaments and tubules
37
What is the function of the cytoskeleton
To organise cell structure To maintain correct shape of the cell -> organise internal structure Supports fragile plasma membrane Provide mechanical linkages that let tissue bear stress Facilitate movement of organelles Allows cell to adopt specific behaviours
38
What specific behaviours does the cytoskeleton allow
Growth, division, motility
39
What are the three types of cytoskeleton
Microtubles Micro filaments Intermediate filaments
40
What are classed as the dynamic type of cytoskeleton
Microtubles and microfilaments
41
What is classed as stable filaments ?
Intermediate filaments
42
Explain intermediate filaments ?
Play a structural role Provide mechanical strength Consist of filaments that self assemble into larger filaments and bind to intracellular structures to each other ad to plasma membrane proteins
43
What are the different intermediate filaments
Keratin family found in epithelial cells Vimentin found in fibroblasts Lamins found in nuclei of all eukaryotic cells
44
Where are intermediate filaments found in terms of the skin
45
What does the nuclear lamina provide ?
Nuclear organisation Nuclear membrane support Chromatin organisation
46
Explain the structure microtubules
Dynamic structures Larger than microfilaments Made up of globular protein subunits to form polymers of either a and b tubulin
47
What is the function of microtubules
Cell movement Intracellular transport of organelles Forms mitotic spindle
48
Where do microtubules originate from ?
Specialised microtubule organising centre -> the centriole found in centrosome
49
What are microtubules also associated with ?
Motor proteins called kinesics and dyneins
50
What do kinesics and dyneins do
Motor proteins That attach to membranous organelles and move them about within cytoplasm Kinesins - move cargo away from the centrosome Dyneins - move cargo towards centrosome
51
Microtubules also Orem what structure
Cilia and flagella
52
What is the cytoskeletal compound of cilia and flagella called
Axonemes
53
What do axonemes allow
Bending when microtubules slide through dynein allowing bending force
54
In cilia how are microtubules arranged
Nine pairs of microtubules form a cylindrical structure
55
What are microfilaments ?
Polymers of actin
56
What are the functions of microfilaments
Skelton of actin filaments are found in specialisations such as microvilli Membrane extensions -> lamellipodia and filopedia Cell contraction and shape change Cytokinesis Form supporting network Cell movement such as phagocytosis
57
Actin associates with transmembrane and linking proteins to form what ?
Cell cortex - supporting mesh work
58
Why do cell rarely function on their own ?
Because they work together cooperatively to perform a given function
59
How is aggregation of cells and integration of function possible ?
Through cell junctions
60
What are cellular junctions ?
Transmembrane protein complexes
61
What is the function of cellular junctions ?
Connect plasma membrane to adjacent cells Basement membrane, cytoskeleton and extra cellular matrix
62
Briefly describe the extra cellular matrix ?
Molecules outside of the cell
63
What are samples of cell to cell junctions
Adherens and desmosomes
64
What is the function of adherens ?
Tissue integrity, motility, contractibility
65
What is the cytoskeleton in an adherens junction
Actin
66
What is the function of desmosome
Strong adhesion Resist mechanical stress
67
What is the cytoskeleton of desmosmes made up out of
Intermediate filaments
68
What examples of cell-ecm junctions
Focal adhesions And hemidesmosomes
69
What is the function of focal adhesions
Cell anchorage
70
What is the cytoskeleton of focal adhesions
Actin
71
Where can desmosomes be found
Epidermis
72
Where are focal adhesion junction used
Cell migration
73
What is the function of hemidesmosomes
Cell anchorage
74
What is the cytoskeleton of hemidesmosomes
Intermediate filaments
75
Where can hemidesmosomes be found ?
Dermal - epidermal junction
76
What is the overall function of tight junction
Function as gates and fences Allow selective permeability and cell polarity
77
What is the function of gate
Regulation of paracellular activity Movement of substances in between cells
78
What is function of the fence
Allow formation of apical (top side) and basolateral (bottom) intramembrane diffusion barrier Stopped apical components mixing with components at the bottom
79
Where is tight junction found
Epidermis - it is polarised Has distinct top and bottom
80
What is the function of GAP junction
Allows chemical and electrical communication Allow passage of small molecules
81
What is the structure of GAP junction
Cell to cell contact Composed of hexameters of Connexins

week 1 (6 decks)

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