Introduction to circulation

Question 1

Give the single function of the cardiovascular system

Answer 1

Perfusion- the delivery and supply of 02 and removal of waste products

Question 2

What does flow require?

Answer 2

A pressure difference

Question 3

Give 2 sources of pathologies arising

Answer 3

Diminished perfusion

Diminished oxygen

Question 4

Give the pathology of Ischemia

Answer 4

Lack of flow

Question 5

Give the pathology of Anaemia/Hypoxia

Answer 5

Lack of O2

Question 6

Give the pathology of Tachyponea

Answer 6

Build up of CO2

Question 7

Why are some symptoms caused?

Answer 7

Build up of waste

Question 8

Define hypotension

Answer 8

Low blood pressure

Question 9

Describe the problems arising from hypotension

Answer 9

Syncope- shock
Caused by insufficient perfusion and supply of 02 to the brain
Is the most common cause of fainting and is common cause of death in critically ill patients

Question 10

Define hypertension

Answer 10

Too high blood pressure

Question 11

Describe the problems arising from hypertension

Answer 11

Vessel damage, heart damage and other pathologies

Question 12

Define circulation

Answer 12

Movement of blood around the body

Question 13

State the 2 hearts and give their function in terms of circulation

Answer 13

Right heart- pulmonary circulation

Left heart - systemic circulation

Question 14

List some functions of circulation

Answer 14

Carrying O2 and nutrients to cells
Removing waste such as CO2 and heat
Defence against infections
Distribution of hormones
Homeostasis of extracellular fluid
Temperature regulation

Question 15

What is the difference between series and parallel circulation?

Answer 15

Series- flows in one after the other

Parallel- Branching paths, concurrent

Question 16

Give the formula of blood pressure

Answer 16

Blood pressure= cardiac output X peripheral resistance

Question 17

Define systole

Answer 17

Contraction of the ventricles

Question 18

Define diastole

Answer 18

Relaxation of the heart

Question 19

Give the function of aorta

Answer 19

Stores kinetic energy

Stretch and recoil

Question 20

Give the function of arteries and vessel characteristics

Answer 20

Distribute
Volume adjust by getting bigger or smaller in lumen diameter
Muscular and elastic with thick walls

Question 21

Give the function of arterioles and vessel characteristics

Answer 21

Regulate caps
Resistance
Set blood pressure and total peripheral resistance
Muscular with little connective tissue

Question 22

Give the function of capillaries and vessel characteristics

Answer 22

Exchange

Endothelial layer with no muscle

Question 23

Give the function of venules and vessel characteristics

Answer 23

Collect blood
Some exchange
Thin walls with some smooth muscle

Question 24

Give the function of veins and vessel characteristics

Answer 24

Reservoir for blood
Muscle pump
Thin walled with smooth muscle, flaccid

Question 25

Where is the most blood volume located?

Answer 25

In the veins

Question 26

Describe the structure of an artery

Answer 26

Consists of 3 layers Intima- endothelium, basement membrane and lamina propia Media- smooth muscle and elastic fibres Adventia Has its own arterioles, veins and nerve supply

Question 27

What is the importance of the valves in veins?

Answer 27

To prevent backflow and allowing blood to be pumped back to the heart by contraction of skeletal muscle

Question 28

Describe the key aspects of pulmonary circulation

Answer 28

``` Right ventricle- thin walled, crescent cross section Lungs only Low pressure High flow High resistance ```

Question 29

Describe the key aspects of systemic circulation

Answer 29

Left ventricle- thick walled, circular cross section Whole body/multiple organs Variable flow Variable resistance

Question 30

When do valves open?

Answer 30

When pressure is higher on inlet side

Question 31

When do valves close?

Answer 31

When pressure is higher on outlet side

Question 32

How many leaflets do valves have?

Answer 32

3 except the mitral valve has 2

Question 33

List the sequence of circulation in the heart

Answer 33

``` Superior and inferior vena cava Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary valve Pulmonary artery Lungs Pulmonary vein Left atrium Mitral valve Left ventricle Aortic valve Aorta and systemic circulation ```

Question 34

Define the apex beat

Answer 34

At systole the apex of the heart moves forward and strikes the chest

Question 35

What is the first heart sound and what is its cause?

Answer 35

Lub- caused by mitral and tricuspid valves closing during systole

Question 36

What is the second heart sound and what is its cause?

Answer 36

Dub- caused by aortic and pulmonary valves closing during diastole

Question 37

What is the cause between the dub and lub?

Answer 37

Diastole is longer than systole

Question 38

What are forced elements?

Answer 38

Red blood cells, white cells and platelets

Question 39

What is the circulatory capacity?

Answer 39

Volume of space allowed for blood

Question 40

When do forced elements contribute to pressure?

Answer 40

When they block vessels

Question 41

How is blood pressure determined?

Answer 41

By the balance between circulating blood volume and circulatory capacity

Question 42

List the sequence that occurs in the kidneys

Answer 42

Filtration Reabsorption Secretion Excretion

Question 43

Define hypoxaemia

Answer 43

General low O2 content throughout arterial blood

Question 44

Define hypoxia

Answer 44

General term for low O2 content

Question 45

Define anoxia

Answer 45

General term for no oxygen locally

Question 46

Define ischaemia

Answer 46

Insufficient blood flow to an area caused by problems in vessel, low blood volume or insufficient pressure generation

Question 47

What is angina pectoris and how is it caused and treated?

Answer 47

Symptom of chest pain due to overexertion of heart tissue Treat with nitrates for immediate relief or long term treatment is as coronary artery disease Caused by CAD, embolism or blockage leading to ischemia

Question 48

What is myocardial infarction and how is it caused and treated?

Answer 48

Death in one region of the heart causing sudden crushing chest pain in most instances. Results from occlusion of a coronary artery Treatment is immediate reperfusion often performed by PCI to re establish blood supply to the previously ischemic area. Treated also with drugs morphine, oxygen, nitrates and aspirin

Question 49

What usually causes syncope?

Answer 49

Shock or arrhythmia